Infants Time Their Smiles to Make Their Moms Smile.
Infants Time Their Smiles to Make Their Moms Smile.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0136492
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Movellan J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ruvolo P;Messinger D;Movellan J
母亲和婴儿之间最早的互动形式之一是微笑游戏。虽然这些游戏的时间动态已经被广泛研究，但它们仍然没有得到很好的理解。为什么母亲和婴儿的微笑时间是这样的？为了回答这个问题，我们应用了控制理论的方法，这是机器人技术中常用的一种方法，用于分析和合成目标导向行为。我们的分析结果表明，当婴儿长到4个月大时，母亲和婴儿都以一种有目的的、以目标为导向的方式来确定他们微笑的时间。在我们的研究中，母亲总是试图最大限度地增加相互微笑的时间，而婴儿则试图最大限度地增加只有母亲微笑的时间。为了验证这一发现，我们将婴儿使用的微笑时机策略移植到一个复杂的儿童机器人上，该机器人在与成人互动时自动感知并产生微笑。正如预测的那样，这一策略在最大限度地增加成年人的微笑时间方面是成功的。结果表明，4个月大的婴儿与他们的母亲在一个目标导向的方式，利用一个复杂的理解社会互动的时间。我们的工作表明，控制理论是一种很有前途的技术，既可以分析复杂的互动行为，也可以为社会交往的发展提供新的见解。
One of the earliest forms of interaction between mothers and infants is smiling games. While the temporal dynamics of these games have been extensively studied, they are still not well understood. Why do mothers and infants time their smiles the way they do? To answer this question we applied methods from control theory, an approach frequently used in robotics, to analyze and synthesize goal-oriented behavior. The results of our analysis show that by the time infants reach 4 months of age both mothers and infants time their smiles in a purposeful, goal-oriented manner. In our study, mothers consistently attempted to maximize the time spent in mutual smiling, while infants tried to maximize mother-only smile time. To validate this finding, we ported the smile timing strategy used by infants to a sophisticated child-like robot that automatically perceived and produced smiles while interacting with adults. As predicted, this strategy proved successful at maximizing adult-only smile time. The results indicate that by 4 months of age infants interact with their mothers in a goal-oriented manner, utilizing a sophisticated understanding of timing in social interactions. Our work suggests that control theory is a promising technique for both analyzing complex interactive behavior and providing new insights into the development of social communication.