Public health effects of gambling - debate on a conceptual model
Public health effects of gambling - debate on a conceptual model
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DOI：
10.1186/s12889-019-7391-z
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发表时间：
2019-08-09
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Konu, Anne
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Latvala, Tiina;Lintonen, Tomi;Konu, Anne
背景：赌博赚钱在大多数国家是一种流行的休闲活动，它不仅影响到赌徒，而且影响到他/她的另一半和社会，具有重大的社会和经济影响。赌博影响研究可以帮助研究人员和政策制定者比较不同赌博政策的健康和社会成本和收益，并可在考虑哪些赌博政策将最大限度地降低或增加成本或收益时使用。在公共卫生方法中，赌博的影响，无论是消极的还是积极的，都是在整个活动的严重程度范围内进行评估的。虽然一些研究已经为进行影响研究制定了基本原则，但目前还缺乏理论模型。这场辩论的目的是审查关于赌博影响的互补和对比观点，以创建一个概念模型，其中应用了公共健康的观点。主要文本：赌博的影响可以用概念模型来结构化，其中影响分为负面和积极的影响；成本和收益。成本和收益分为三类：财务、劳动和健康以及福利。这些阶层表现在个人、人际和社会层面上。个人影响对赌徒本身造成了个人层面的影响。外部影响影响到人际和社会/社区层面，并关心其他人。时间层面是指赌博影响的发展、严重程度和范围。这些影响包括一般影响、问题赌博的影响和赌博的长期影响。结论：该概念模型为开始建立评估赌博对社会的影响的通用方法提供了基础。虽然衡量货币影响并不总是一目了然，但主要问题是如何衡量社会影响，这些影响在计算中通常被忽略，个人和人际影响也是如此。审查的实证工作主要集中在赌博的成本，特别是社区层面的成本。该模型可用于确定研究匮乏的领域。填补知识空白对于形成关于赌博影响的平衡证据基础至关重要。理想情况下，这些证据可以作为制定赌博公共政策的起点。
Background: Gambling for money is a popular leisure time activity in most countries, which has major social and economic impacts not only affecting the gambler, but his/her significant others, and the society. Gambling impact studies can help researchers and policymakers compare the health and social costs and benefits of different gambling policies and can be used when considering which gambling policies will reduce or increase costs or benefits the most. In a public health approach, the impacts of gambling, negative and positive, are assessed across the entire severity spectrum of the activity. Although some studies have created basic principles for conducting impact studies, a theoretical model is currently lacking. The aim of this debate is to review complementing and contrasting views on the effects of gambling to create a conceptual model, where a public health perspective is applied.Main text: The effects of gambling can be structuralized using a conceptual model, where impacts are divided into negative and positive; costs and benefits. Costs and benefits are categorized into three classes: financial, labor and health, and well-being. These classes manifest in personal, interpersonal, and societal levels. Individual impacts cause effects on a personal level to gamblers themselves. External impacts influence the interpersonal and society/community levels and concern other people. The temporal level refers to the development, severity and scope of the gambling impact. These include general impacts, impacts of problem gambling and long-term impacts of gambling.Conclusions: The conceptual model offers a base on which to start building common methodology for assessing the impact of gambling on the society. While measuring monetary impacts is not always straightforward, the main issue is how to measure the social impacts, which are typically ignored in calculations, as are personal and interpersonal impacts. The reviewed empirical work largely concentrated on the costs of gambling, especially costs on the community level. The Model can be used to identify areas where research is scarce. Filling the gaps in knowledge is essential in forming a balanced evidence base on the impacts of gambling. Ideally, this evidence could be the starting point in formulating public policies on gambling.