The impact of memory demands on audience design during language production
The impact of memory demands on audience design during language production
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cognition.2004.07.001
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发表时间：
2005-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Gerrig, RJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Horton, WS;Gerrig, RJ
演讲者经常根据特定听众的需要来调整他们的话语，这一过程被称为听众设计。我们认为，观众设计的重要方面可以被理解为普通的记忆过程的紧急功能。这一观点与早期的观点不同，早期的观点假定特殊的过程或表征。为了支持我们的帐户，我们提出了一个研究中，董事从事的参考沟通任务与两个独立的匹配。在几轮比赛中，导演们指导比赛者如何安排一套图片卡。对于一半的三和弦，导演的卡片类别最初是由匹配器正交分布的（例如，导演用一个匹配器描述鸟和狗，用另一个描述鱼和青蛙）。对于其他三合会，导演的卡类别最初在匹配者之间重叠（例如，导演与每个匹配者描述每个类别的两个成员）。我们预测，正交配置将更容易允许导演编码特定卡和特定匹配器之间的关联-从而允许这些导演为观众设计提供更多的证据。对最后两轮董事发言的内容分析支持了我们的预测。我们建议，观众设计取决于内存表示扬声器已准备好访问的时间限制的例行谈话。(c)2004 Elsevier B. V.保留所有权利。
Speakers often tailor their utterances to the needs of particular addressees-a process called audience design. We argue that important aspects of audience design can be understood as emergent features of ordinary memory processes. This perspective contrasts with earlier views that presume special processes or representations. To support our account, we present a study in which Directors engaged in a referential communication task with two independent Matchers. Over several rounds, the Directors instructed the Matchers how to arrange a set of picture cards. For half the triads, the Directors' card categories were initially distributed orthogonally by Matcher (e.g. Directors described birds and dogs with one Matcher and fish and frogs with the other). For the other triads, the Directors' card categories initially overlapped across Matchers (e.g. Directors described two members of each category with each Matcher). We predicted that the orthogonal configuration would more readily allow Directors to encode associations between particular cards and particular Matchers - and thus allow those Directors to provide more evidence for audience design. Content analyses of Directors' utterances from two final rounds supported our prediction. We suggest that audience design depends on the memory representations to which speakers have ready access given the time constraints of routine conversation. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.