Naming guides how 12-month-old infants encode and remember objects
Naming guides how 12-month-old infants encode and remember objects
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2006608117
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发表时间：
2020-09-01
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Waxman, Sandra R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
LaTourrette, Alexander S.;Waxman, Sandra R.
人类认知的基础是灵活性，我们可以将任何对象表示为独特的个体（我的狗弗雷德）或对象类别的成员（狗、动物）。这种概念上的灵活性是由语言支持的；我们命名对象的方式有助于我们将该对象解释为个体或类别成员。一项新的识别记忆任务的证据表明，婴儿在 12 个月大时就对命名和物体表征之间的这种原则性联系很敏感。在训练期间，所有婴儿（n = 77）观看来自同一对象类别的四个不同对象，每个对象都与相同的新颖名词（一致名称条件）、每个对象的不同新颖名词（不同名称条件）或相同的正弦波音调序列（一致音调条件）结合引入。在测试中，婴儿再次看到每个训练对象，并与同一类别的新对象一起静静地呈现。处于一致名称条件下的婴儿在测试中表现出较差的识别记忆，这表明一致应用的名称主要将他们的注意力集中在命名对象之间的共性上，而牺牲了它们之间的区别。处于不同名称条件下的婴儿识别了四个物体中的三个，这表明应用不同的名称增强了婴儿对物体之间差异的编码。控制一致音调条件下的婴儿只能识别他们最近看到的物体。因此，即使对于刚刚开始说出第一个单词的婴儿来说，命名某个物体的方式也会指导婴儿对该物体的编码、表征和记忆。
A foundation of human cognition is the flexibility with which we can represent any object as either a unique individual (my dog Fred) or a member of an object category (dog, animal). This conceptual flexibility is supported by language; the way we name an object is instrumental to our construal of that object as an individual or a category member. Evidence from a new recognition memory task reveals that infants are sensitive to this principled link between naming and object representation by age 12 mo. During training, all infants (n = 77) viewed four distinct objects from the same object category, each introduced in conjunction with either the same novel noun (Consistent Name condition), a distinct novel noun for each object (Distinct Names condition), or the same sine-wave tone sequence (Consistent Tone condition). At test, infants saw each training object again, presented in silence along with a new object from the same category. Infants in the Consistent Name condition showed poor recognition memory at test, suggesting that consistently applied names focused them primarily on commonalities among the named objects at the expense of distinctions among them. Infants in the Distinct Names condition recognized three of the four objects, suggesting that applying distinct names enhanced infants' encoding of the distinctions among the objects. Infants in the control Consistent Tone condition recognized only the object they had most recently seen. Thus, even for infants just beginning to speak their first words, the way in which an object is named guides infants' encoding, representation, and memory for that object.