Crop Residue Burning in India: Policy Challenges and Potential Solutions
Crop Residue Burning in India: Policy Challenges and Potential Solutions
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DOI：
10.3390/ijerph16050832
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发表时间：
2019-03-01
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Meegoda, Jay N.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bhuvaneshwari, S.;Hettiarachchi, Hiroshan;Meegoda, Jay N.
印度是第二大农业经济体，全年种植农作物，产生大量农业废物，包括农作物秸秆。由于缺乏适当的可持续管理实践，印度每年焚烧约 92 吨农作物废弃物，造成颗粒物过量排放和空气污染。农作物秸秆燃烧已成为导致健康问题并导致全球变暖的主要环境问题。堆肥、生物炭生产和机械化是一些有效的可持续技术，可以帮助减少这个问题，同时保留土壤中农作物残留物中的养分。印度政府试图通过众多旨在促进可持续管理方法（例如将农作物残留物转化为能源）的措施和运动来解决这个问题。然而，近年来，特别是2015年及之后，德里市和印度其他北部地区因农作物秸秆燃烧造成的空气污染水平惊人上升，表明该问题尚未得到控制。农作物秸秆燃烧的解决方案在于通过政府干预和政策有效实施可持续管理实践。本手稿解决了阻碍印度实现持久解决方案的根本技术和政策问题，以及被忽视的潜在解决方案。然而，这些技术的有效实施还要求我们考虑尚未考虑的其他社会经济方面。本手稿还根据分析和当前实践讨论了一些政策考虑因素和功能。农业废物部门可以从其他废物部门的一些例子中受益匪浅，例如城市固体废物（MSW）和废水管理，其中收集、隔离、回收和处置制度化，以确保操作系统的运行。利益相关者的积极参与，包括对农民的教育和赋权，以及技术解决方案和产品制造，也可以提供巨大帮助。尽管农作物秸秆焚烧问题涉及环境、农业、经济、社会、教育、能源等多个领域，但过去政府的努力主要围绕农业和能源展开。这种部门思维是另一个需要打破的障碍。印度政府以及其他发展中国家的政府可以从管理环境资源的关联思维这一新兴概念中受益。 Nexus 思维促进了超越学科界限的更高层次的整合和更高水平的利益相关者参与，为解决农作物秸秆燃烧等问题提供了支持平台。
India, the second largest agro-based economy with year-round crop cultivation, generates a large amount of agricultural waste, including crop residues. In the absence of adequate sustainable management practices, approximately 92 seems a very small number of metric tons of crop waste is burned every year in India, causing excessive particulate matter emissions and air pollution. Crop residue burning has become a major environmental problem causing health issues as well as contributing to global warming. Composting, biochar production and mechanization are a few effective sustainable techniques that can help to curtail the issue while retaining the nutrients present in the crop residue in the soil. The government of India has attempted to curtail this problem, through numerous measures and campaigns designed to promote sustainable management methods such as converting crop residue into energy. However, the alarming rise of air pollution levels caused by crop residue burning in the city of Delhi and other northern areas in India observed in recent years, especially in and after the year of 2015, suggest that the issues is not yet under control. The solution to crop residue burning lies in the effective implementation of sustainable management practices with Government interventions and policies. This manuscript addresses the underlying technical as well as policy issues that has prevented India from achieving a long-lasting solution and also potential solutions that have been overlooked. However, effective implementation of these techniques also requires us to look at other socioeconomic aspects that had not been considered. This manuscript also discusses some of the policy considerations and functionality based on the analyses and current practices. The agricultural waste sector can benefit immensely from some of the examples from other waste sectors such as the municipal solid waste (MSW) and wastewater management where collection, segregation, recycling and disposal are institutionalized to secure an operational system. Active stakeholder involvement including education and empowerment of farmers along with technical solutions and product manufacturing can also assist tremendously. Even though the issue of crop residue burning touches many sectors, such as environment, agriculture, economy, social aspects, education, and energy, the past governmental efforts mainly revolved around agriculture and energy. This sectorial thinking is another barrier that needs to be broken. The government of India as well as governments of other developing countries can benefit from the emerging concept of nexus thinking in managing environmental resources. Nexus thinking promotes a higher-level integration and higher level of stakeholder involvement that goes beyond the disciplinary boundaries, providing a supporting platform to solve issues such as crop residue burning.