Communal Defense of Territories and the Evolution of Sociality
Communal Defense of Territories and the Evolution of Sociality
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领土的共同防御和社会性的演变
DOI：
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发表时间：
2011
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
R. Johnstone
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Markus Port;P. Kappeler;R. Johnstone
群体生活的进化引起了从事广泛研究物种的行为生态学家的极大关注。然而，该领域的理论研究主要集中在合作育种者上。我们将这一工作范围扩展到缺乏异亲照料的物种（以下称为“非合作物种”），但可能通过共同捍卫共同领地而从群体中受益。我们采用人口统计学上明确的方法，其中出生率和死亡率以及人口中个体的分散决策决定了领土的更替率以及由此产生的繁殖空缺的竞争。我们的结果表明，一些被认为影响合作繁殖进化的因素也会影响非合作物种群体的进化。具体来说，居民个体的高繁殖力和低死亡率既增加了栖息地的饱和度，又使加入一个既定群体对非居民（流动者）来说更有利可图。此外，如果漂泊者能够强行占领领地，栖息地的饱和程度也会影响居民成为占领目标的机会。在这种情况下，领地的公共防御成为进一步促进群体生活进化的重要优势。
The evolution of group living has attracted considerable attention from behavioral ecologists working on a wide range of study species. However, theoretical research in this field has been largely focused on cooperative breeders. We extend this line of work to species that lack alloparental care (hereafter termed “noncooperative species”) but that may benefit from grouping by jointly defending a common territory. We adopt a demographically explicit approach in which the rates of births and deaths as well as the dispersal decisions of individuals in the population determine the turnover rates of territories and the competition for breeding vacancies thus arising. Our results reveal that some of the factors thought to affect the evolution of cooperative breeding also affect the evolution of group living in noncooperative species. Specifically, high fecundity and low mortality of resident individuals both increase the degree of habitat saturation and make joining an established group more profitable for nonresidents (floaters). Moreover, if floaters can forcefully take over territories, the degree of habitat saturation also affects the chance that residents become targets of takeovers. In this situation, communal defense of territories becomes an important benefit that further promotes the evolution of group living.