Global Civil Aviation Black Carbon Emissions
Global Civil Aviation Black Carbon Emissions
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DOI：
10.1021/es401356v
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发表时间：
2013-09-17
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Barrett, Steven R. H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Stettler, Marc E. J.;Boies, Adam M.;Barrett, Steven R. H.
飞机黑碳 (BC) 排放会造成气候强迫，但对飞机在巡航时排放的 BC 的估计很少。对于大多数飞机发动机而言，唯一可用的 BC 相关测量是烟数 (SN)，这是一种基于滤光片的光学方法，旨在测量近地羽流能见度，而不是质量。虽然一阶近似 (FOA3) 技术已被开发用于估计由 SN 中的燃料燃烧 [EI(BC)] 归一化的 BC 质量排放量，但结果表明，在 35% 的直接测量情况下，该技术低估了 EI(BC) >90% (R-2 = -0.10)。由于没有计划测量所有现有认证发动机（将使用数十年）的 BC 排放量，因此有必要估算现有飞机在地面和巡航时的 EI(BC)。开发了一种独立于 SN 的替代方法（称为 FOX）来估算 BC 排放量。地面 EI(BC) 的估计值显着改善 (R-2 = 0.68)，而巡航时的估计值在测量值的 30% 以内。对全球民用航空实施这一方法，估计飞机黑碳排放量向上修正了大约 3 倍。航空黑碳排放造成的直接辐射强迫 (RF) 估计约为 9.5 mW/m(2)，相当于目前航空二氧化碳排放造成的直接辐射强迫 (RF) 的 1/3。
Aircraft black carbon (BC) emissions contribute to climate forcing, but few estimates of BC emitted by aircraft at cruise exist. For the majority of aircraft engines the only BC-related measurement available is smoke number (SN)-a filter based optical method designed to measure near-ground plume visibility, not mass. While the first order approximation (FOA3) technique has been developed to estimate BC mass emissions normalized by fuel bum [EI(BC)] from SN, it is shown that it underestimates EI(BC) by >90% in 35% of directly measured cases (R-2 = -0.10). As there are no plans to measure BC emissions from all existing certified engines-which will be in service for several decades-it is necessary to estimate EI(BC) for existing aircraft on the ground and at cruise. An alternative method, called FOX, that is independent of the SN is developed to estimate BC emissions. Estimates of EI(BC) at ground level are significantly improved (R-2 = 0.68), whereas estimates at cruise are within 30% of measurements. Implementing this approach for global civil aviation estimated aircraft BC emissions are revised upward by a factor of similar to 3. Direct radiative forcing (RF) due to aviation BC emissions is estimated to be similar to 9.5 mW/m(2), equivalent to similar to 1/3 of the current RF due to aviation CO2 emissions.