From theoretical to actual ecosystem services: mapping beneficiaries and spatial flows in ecosystem service assessments
From theoretical to actual ecosystem services: mapping beneficiaries and spatial flows in ecosystem service assessments
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DOI：
10.5751/es-06523-190264
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发表时间：
2014-01-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Johnson, Gary W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bagstad, Kenneth J.;Villa, Ferdinando;Johnson, Gary W.
直到最近，生态系统服务测绘和建模更多地关注供应而不是需求。虽然生态系统向人类提供经济惠益的潜力往往通过生态生产功能加以量化，但对生态系统服务的使用和需求以及生态系统向人类提供的服务的空间流动却较少受到关注。然而，新的建模方法，映射和量化服务特定的源（生态系统提供服务的能力），汇（生物物理或人为特征，消耗或改变服务流），用户（用户的位置和需求水平），和空间流可以提供一个更完整的理解生态系统服务。通过对美国华盛顿州普吉湾的案例研究，我们量化并区分了理论上的服务提供和现场服务提供，即，生态系统提供服务的能力，以及在考虑到受益者所在地和调节人与生态系统之间服务流动的空间联系的情况下的实际提供情况。我们的分析包括五个生态系统服务：碳固存和储存，河流洪水调节，水库泥沙调节，开放空间的接近，和风景区。每种生态系统服务的特点是受益群体和服务流动方式不同。使用人工智能生态系统服务（ARIES）的方法，我们映射服务的供应，需求和流量，扩展过去的研究所使用的简单方法来映射服务的提供和使用。除了碳固存服务之外，实际上向人们提供服务的地区，即，通过流动途径与受益人联系的人数占理论上有能力提供服务的人数的16-66%，即，所有的生态系统。这些结果提供了一个更完整的了解生态系统服务的空间动态及其影响，并可能提供一个更健全的基础，经济估值和政策应用比研究，只考虑理论上的服务提供和/或使用。
Ecosystem services mapping and modeling has focused more on supply than demand, until recently. Whereas the potential provision of economic benefits from ecosystems to people is often quantified through ecological production functions, the use of and demand for ecosystem services has received less attention, as have the spatial flows of services from ecosystems to people. However, new modeling approaches that map and quantify service-specific sources (ecosystem capacity to provide a service), sinks (biophysical or anthropogenic features that deplete or alter service flows), users (user locations and level of demand), and spatial flows can provide a more complete understanding of ecosystem services. Through a case study in Puget Sound, Washington State, USA, we quantify and differentiate between the theoretical or in situ provision of services, i.e., ecosystems' capacity to supply services, and their actual provision when accounting for the location of beneficiaries and the spatial connections that mediate service flows between people and ecosystems. Our analysis includes five ecosystem services: carbon sequestration and storage, riverine flood regulation, sediment regulation for reservoirs, open space proximity, and scenic viewsheds. Each ecosystem service is characterized by different beneficiary groups and means of service flow. Using the ARtificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services (ARIES) methodology we map service supply, demand, and flow, extending on simpler approaches used by past studies to map service provision and use. With the exception of the carbon sequestration service, regions that actually provided services to people, i.e., connected to beneficiaries via flow paths, amounted to 16-66% of those theoretically capable of supplying services, i.e., all ecosystems across the landscape. These results offer a more complete understanding of the spatial dynamics of ecosystem services and their effects, and may provide a sounder basis for economic valuation and policy applications than studies that consider only theoretical service provision and/or use.