The Neuromodulation of the Intestinal Immune System and Its Relevance in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
The Neuromodulation of the Intestinal Immune System and Its Relevance in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
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DOI：
10.3389/fimmu.2015.00590
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
7.3
通讯作者：
Matteoli G
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Di Giovangiulio M;Verheijden S;Bosmans G;Stakenborg N;Boeckxstaens GE;Matteoli G
免疫系统的主要任务之一是辨别“危险”或“非危险”的信号并作出适当的反应。这在胃肠道是至关重要的，在胃肠道中，免疫系统面临着无数的食物抗原和共生微生物群，这些微生物不断地与粘膜接触，此外还有任何潜在的病原体。这种大量的抗原和共生微生物群是提供重要营养所必需的，必须被肠道免疫系统耐受，以防止异常炎症。因此，应严格调节免疫激活与耐受之间的平衡，以维持肠道内环境的稳定，并防止针对所有管腔抗原的免疫激活。失去这种微妙的平衡会导致肠道免疫反应的慢性激活，导致肠道疾病，如炎症性肠病(IBD)。为了维持动态平衡，免疫系统进化出了多种调节策略，包括能够控制免疫反应的其他非免疫因子。越来越多的证据有力地表明了这两个系统之间的双向联系，在这两个系统中，大脑通过检测循环中的细胞因子，以及通过来自感觉纤维和肠道神经元的直接传入输入来调节免疫反应。在目前的综述中，我们将重点介绍关于神经系统和粘膜免疫系统之间相互作用的最新发现，并将讨论这些神经元回路和神经介质作为重建免疫耐受和治疗肠道慢性炎症的新的治疗工具的潜在用途。
One of the main tasks of the immune system is to discriminate and appropriately react to “danger” or “non-danger” signals. This is crucial in the gastrointestinal tract, where the immune system is confronted with a myriad of food antigens and symbiotic microflora that are in constant contact with the mucosa, in addition to any potential pathogens. This large number of antigens and commensal microflora, which are essential for providing vital nutrients, must be tolerated by the intestinal immune system to prevent aberrant inflammation. Hence, the balance between immune activation versus tolerance should be tightly regulated to maintain intestinal homeostasis and to prevent immune activation indiscriminately against all luminal antigens. Loss of this delicate equilibrium can lead to chronic activation of the intestinal immune response resulting in intestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In order to maintain homeostasis, the immune system has evolved diverse regulatory strategies including additional non-immunological actors able to control the immune response. Accumulating evidence strongly indicates a bidirectional link between the two systems in which the brain modulates the immune response via the detection of circulating cytokines and via direct afferent input from sensory fibers and from enteric neurons. In the current review, we will highlight the most recent findings regarding the cross-talk between the nervous system and the mucosal immune system and will discuss the potential use of these neuronal circuits and neuromediators as novel therapeutic tools to reestablish immune tolerance and treat intestinal chronic inflammation.