Response of butterflies to structural and resource boundaries.
Response of butterflies to structural and resource boundaries.
复制标题
蝴蝶对结构和资源边界的响应。
DOI：
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发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
E. Crone
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. Schultz;A. Franco;E. Crone
1.景观组成的两个方面决定了动物对栖息地异质性的行为反应：物理栖息地结构和关键资源的丰度。一般来说，栖息地内的运动行为与资源有关，并根据物理结构对边界上的偏好进行了量化。2.栖息地偏好研究表明，对资源和结构的反应应该不同，例如雄性和雌性动物之间，对结构和资源的反应的影响也可能相互作用。然而，大多数关于动物运动的研究结合了对栖息地的行为反应的各个方面，隐含地假设资源和结构大致相同。3.我们对濒危蝴蝶凤蝶(Icaricia Icarioides Fenderi)的活动进行了大规模的实验，以研究蝴蝶对景观的物理结构(草原、疏林和密林)和资源[有无羽扇豆象(Lupinus Oreganus)(幼虫寄主斑块)]的反应。这项实验包括606条蝴蝶飞行路线，跨越4种栖息地类型和9个交错带。4.对物理结构和资源斑块的响应不一致。蝴蝶被草原和开阔树林中的资源斑块所吸引，在资源斑块中移动较慢。蝴蝶倾向于喜欢草原森林边缘的草原，但在草原上的移动速度往往快于在开阔的树林中。物理结构和资源也相互作用；当资源斑块跨越草原疏林交错带时，蝴蝶不会对物理栖息地结构做出反应。5.即使是茂密的树林也不是完美的屏障，这与大量文献相反，这些文献认为来自开阔栖息地的昆虫不会进入茂密的森林。6.男性和女性的流动都对资源和结构做出了反应。然而，雌性蝴蝶在大多数情况下对资源和结构都有更强的反应。雌性对斑块边缘的资源(寄主植物)斑块的反应最强，而雄性最强烈的偏好是从疏林返回草原。7.如果其他物种的行为与芬德蓝相似，那么结合对栖息地的不同定义(物理结构与资源)、运动的不同方面(边缘偏好与栖息地内运动)和/或物种内的雄性和雌性，都可能导致误导性的结论。我们的结果强调了研究这些反应的重要性，我们的研究为在其他系统中分离这些反应提供了一个框架。
1. Two aspects of landscape composition shape the behavioural response of animals to habitat heterogeneity: physical habitat structure and abundance of key resources. In general, within-habitat movement behaviour has been investigated in relation to resources, and preference at boundaries has been quantified in response to physical structure. 2. Habitat preference studies suggest that responses to resources vs. structure should differ, e.g. between male and female animals, and effects of responses to structure and resources may also interact. However, most studies of animal movement combine various aspects of behavioural responses to 'habitat', implicitly assuming that resources and structure are broadly equivalent. 3. We conducted a large-scale experiment of the movement of Fender's blue (Icaricia icarioides fenderi), an endangered butterfly, to investigate butterfly response to physical structure of the landscape (prairie, open woods and dense woods) and to resources [presence or absence of Kincaid's lupine, Lupinus oreganus (larval hostplant patches)]. The experiment included 606 butterfly flight paths across four habitat types and nine ecotones. 4. Responses to physical structure and resource patches were not congruent. Butterflies were attracted to resource patches within both prairies and open woods and moved more slowly when in resource patches. Butterflies tended to prefer prairie at prairie-forest edges but tended to move faster in prairies than in open woods. Physical structure and resources also interacted; butterflies did not respond to physical habitat structure when resource patches spanned prairie - open woods ecotones. 5. Even dense woods were not perfect barriers, in contrast to a large body of literature that assumes insects from open habitats will not enter dense forests. 6. Movement of both males and females responded to resources and structure. However, female butterflies had stronger responses to both resources and structure in most cases. Females had strongest response to resource (hostplant) patches at patch edges, whereas the strongest preference of males was to return to prairie from open forest. 7. If other species behave like Fender's blue, then combining different definitions of 'habitat' (physical structure vs. resources), different aspects of movement (edge preference vs. within-habitat movement) and/or males and females within species could all lead to misleading conclusions. Our results highlight the importance of investigating these responses, and our study provides a framework for separating them in other systems.