Wisdom as a classical source of human strength: Conceptualization and empirical inquiry
Wisdom as a classical source of human strength: Conceptualization and empirical inquiry
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DOI：
10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.83
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发表时间：
2000-03-01
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Kramer, DA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kramer, DA
智慧被概念化为：（1）关于人类事务领域的一种罕见的、高度锻炼和发展的认知专业知识形式，允许多种渠道；（2）一系列个人属性，反映高度的认知、情感和行为成熟度，允许异常程度的敏感性、宽广的胸怀和对人类的关心。无论采用哪种概念化，智慧研究都表明，这是一项罕见的成就，通常是从不寻常的生活经历中演变而来，这些经历促进了内省、对人类状况的反思以及为他人提供咨询。对经验的开放是智慧最常见的预测因素，智者还被发现更辩证地思考，表现出创造力和对他人的同情心，并接受生活的局限性。明智的人通过解决生存问题并在逆境中寻找目的和意义来减少绝望和不满。
Wisdom has been conceptualized as: (1) a rare, highly exercised and developed form of cognitive expertise about the domain of human affairs that al lows for multiple conduits or (2) a constellation of personal attributes reflecting a high degree of cognitive, affective, and behavioral maturity that allows for an unusual degree of sensitivity, broad-mindedness, and concern for humanity. Using either conceptualization, wisdom research shows that it is a rare achievement, most often evolving from unusual life experiences that foster introspection, reflection on the human condition, and counseling others. Openness to experience is the most frequent predictor of wisdom, Wise people are also found to think more dialectically, exhibit generativity and compassionate concern for others, and accept life's limitations. Wise people show less despair and less dissatisfaction by grappling with existential issues and finding purpose and meaning in adverse experiences.