Associations of health, physical activity and weight status with motorised travel and transport carbon dioxide emissions: a cross-sectional, observational study.
Associations of health, physical activity and weight status with motorised travel and transport carbon dioxide emissions: a cross-sectional, observational study.
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DOI：
10.1186/1476-069x-11-52
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发表时间：
2012-08-03
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
iConnect consortium
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Goodman A;Brand C;Ogilvie D;iConnect consortium
机动化旅行和相关的二氧化碳（CO2）排放产生了巨大的健康成本;在机动化旅行的情况下，这可能包括导致肥胖水平上升。肥胖反过来又被假设会增加机动车旅行和/或二氧化碳排放，这既是因为体重较重的人可能更多地使用机动车旅行，也是因为体重较重的人可能会选择更大、更省油的汽车。然而，这些假设的关联并没有经过实证检验，以前的研究也没有检验与其他健康特征的关联。因此，我们的目的是研究体重状况、健康和身体活动如何以及为什么与交通二氧化碳排放有关。3463名成年人在英国的三个研究中心完成了基线iConnect调查问卷，报告了他们的健康状况，体重，身高和过去一周的身体活动。七天召回工具被用来评估旅行行为，并与汽车特性的数据一起被用来估计二氧化碳排放量。我们使用路径分析来研究主动旅行，机动化旅行和汽车发动机尺寸在多大程度上解释了健康特征与二氧化碳排放之间的关联。超重或肥胖受试者的二氧化碳排放量较高（超重与正常体重的多变量标准化概率单位系数为0.16，95% CI为0.08至0.25;肥胖与正常体重的多变量标准化概率单位系数为0.16，95% CI为0.04至0.28）。较低的主动旅行，特别是肥胖，较大的汽车发动机尺寸解释了19-31%的这种影响，但大部分影响直接解释了机动车辆行驶的距离更长。休闲和休闲时间的体力活动与更高的机动旅行距离相关，因此二氧化碳排放量更高，而积极的旅行与较低的二氧化碳排放量相关。健康状况不佳和疾病与二氧化碳排放量没有独立联系。建立体重状况和旅行行为之间的因果关系需要纵向数据，但与发动机尺寸的关联表明，肥胖对二氧化碳排放至少可能有一些因果关系。更一般地说，运输CO2排放以不同方式与不同的健康相关特征相关联。这些因素包括健康商品与环境危害（娱乐性体育活动和高排放）之间的关联，表明不能假设环境-健康“共同效益”。相反，还应注意查明和缓解潜在的紧张领域，例如促进低碳娱乐性体育活动。
Motorised travel and associated carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions generate substantial health costs; in the case of motorised travel, this may include contributing to rising obesity levels. Obesity has in turn been hypothesised to increase motorised travel and/or CO2 emissions, both because heavier people may use motorised travel more and because heavier people may choose larger and less fuel-efficient cars. These hypothesised associations have not been examined empirically, however, nor has previous research examined associations with other health characteristics. Our aim was therefore to examine how and why weight status, health, and physical activity are associated with transport CO2 emissions. 3463 adults completed questionnaires in the baseline iConnect survey at three study sites in the UK, reporting their health, weight, height and past-week physical activity. Seven-day recall instruments were used to assess travel behaviour and, together with data on car characteristics, were used to estimate CO2 emissions. We used path analysis to examine the extent to which active travel, motorised travel and car engine size explained associations between health characteristics and CO2 emissions. CO2 emissions were higher in overweight or obese participants (multivariable standardized probit coefficients 0.16, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.25 for overweight vs. normal weight; 0.16, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.28 for obese vs. normal weight). Lower active travel and, particularly for obesity, larger car engine size explained 19-31% of this effect, but most of the effect was directly explained by greater distance travelled by motor vehicles. Walking for recreation and leisure-time physical activity were associated with higher motorised travel distance and therefore higher CO2 emissions, while active travel was associated with lower CO2 emissions. Poor health and illness were not independently associated with CO2 emissions. Establishing the direction of causality between weight status and travel behaviour requires longitudinal data, but the association with engine size suggests that there may be at least some causal effect of obesity on CO2 emissions. More generally, transport CO2 emissions are associated in different ways with different health-related characteristics. These include associations between health goods and environmental harms (recreational physical activity and high emissions), indicating that environment-health ‘co-benefits’ cannot be assumed. Instead, attention should also be paid to identifying and mitigating potential areas of tension, for example by promoting low-carbon recreational physical activity.