Energetic Constraints, Size Gradients, and Size Limits in Benthic Marine Invertebrates1
Energetic Constraints, Size Gradients, and Size Limits in Benthic Marine Invertebrates1
复制标题
底栖海洋无脊椎动物的能量约束、尺寸梯度和尺寸限制1
DOI：
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发表时间：
2002
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
K. Sebens
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
K. Sebens
摘要海洋底栖生物种群占据着具有一系列物理和生物特征的生境。在潮间带，能量成本随着温度和空中暴露而增加，猎物摄入量随着浸泡时间而增加，产生大小梯度，小个体经常出现在分布的上限。波浪作用也有类似的影响，限制了进食时间或成功率，尽管某些物种受益于波浪驱逐它们的猎物;这也导致了大小和形态的梯度。能量摄入和代谢（和/或行为）成本之间的差异可用于确定此类群体中个体的能量最佳大小。比较充满活力的最佳尺寸的最大预测尺寸的基础上的机械约束，以及随之而来的死亡率时间表，提供了一种机制来研究和解释生物体的大小梯度在潮间带和潮下带栖息地。对于物种的精力充沛的最佳尺寸远低于最大尺寸，可以持续在一定的波/流条件下，这是可能的，精力充沛的约束占主导地位。当相反的情况下，小个体的种群可以主导栖息地，具有很强的迁移或破坏概率。当个体的最大尺寸远低于能量最优值或机械极限时，其他死亡源（例如，捕食）可能有利于能量分配到早期繁殖，而不是继续增长。基于最佳尺寸模型的预测已针对多种潮间和潮下无脊椎动物进行了测试，包括海葵、珊瑚和八珊瑚。本文提供了一个最佳尺寸的概念，并采用最佳能量尺寸模型和生活史建模方法相结合，探索能量分配到生长或繁殖的最佳尺寸接近。
Abstract Populations of marine benthic organisms occupy habitats with a range of physical and biological characteristics. In the intertidal zone, energetic costs increase with temperature and aerial exposure, and prey intake increases with immersion time, generating size gradients with small individuals often found at upper limits of distribution. Wave action can have similar effects, limiting feeding time or success, although certain species benefit from wave dislodgment of their prey; this also results in gradients of size and morphology. The difference between energy intake and metabolic (and/or behavioral) costs can be used to determine an energetic optimal size for individuals in such populations. Comparisons of the energetic optimal size to the maximum predicted size based on mechanical constraints, and the ensuing mortality schedule, provides a mechanism to study and explain organism size gradients in intertidal and subtidal habitats. For species where the energetic optimal size is well below the maximum size that could persist under a certain set of wave/flow conditions, it is probable that energetic constraints dominate. When the opposite is true, populations of small individuals can dominate habitats with strong dislodgment or damage probability. When the maximum size of individuals is far below either energetic optima or mechanical limits, other sources of mortality (e.g., predation) may favor energy allocation to early reproduction rather than to continued growth. Predictions based on optimal size models have been tested for a variety of intertidal and subtidal invertebrates including sea anemones, corals, and octocorals. This paper provides a review of the optimal size concept, and employs a combination of the optimal energetic size model and life history modeling approach to explore energy allocation to growth or reproduction as the optimal size is approached.