The psychological refractory period: evidence for age differences in attentional time-sharing.
The psychological refractory period: evidence for age differences in attentional time-sharing.
复制标题
心理不应期：注意力分时年龄差异的证据。
DOI：
10.1037//0882-7974.13.2.218
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发表时间：
1998
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Sperry,S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Allen,PA;Smith,AF;Vires-Collins,H;Sperry,S
作者报道了两个心理不应期(PRP)实验，其中任务1和任务2之间的刺激开始不同步(SOA)分别为150ms、250ms、600ms和1100ms，年轻人和老年人都是如此。H.Pashler(1994a)的响应选择瓶颈理论预测，SOA操作不应该影响任务1的性能，但任务2的反应时间(RT)应该随着两个任务之间的SOA减少而增加(即经典的PRP效应)。在实验1(任务1=音调辨别，任务2=点位置)中，老年人比年轻人表现出更大的PRP效应，尽管任务1的反应时受到SOA的影响，这表明参与者在一些实验中对他们的反应进行了分组。也就是说，参与者在完成任务2之前一直保持对任务1的反应，然后他们几乎同时对这两个任务做出反应。在实验2中(任务1=点位置，任务2=同时字母匹配)，老年人在任务2上表现出比年轻人更大的PRP效应，并且任务1的成绩不受SOA的影响。因此，这些实验提供的证据表明，老年人(相对于年轻人)在加工的反应选择阶段表现出时间分享的减少。这些结果表明，注意力分时需要被添加到关于各种注意力的老化研究的主题列表中。
The authors report 2 psychological refractory period (PRP) experiments in which the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between Task 1 and Task 2 was 150 ms, 250 ms, 600 ms, and 1, 100 ms for both younger and older adults. H. Pashler's (1994a) response-selection bottleneck theory predicts that SOA manipulations should not affect Task 1 performance, but that reaction time (RT) for Task 2 should increase as the SOA between the 2 tasks decreases (ie, the classical PRP effect). In Experiment 1 (Task 1= tone discrimination, Task 2= dot location), older adults showed a larger PRP effect than younger adults did, although Task 1 RT was affected by SOA, suggesting that participants were grouping their responses on some trials. That is, participants were holding their response for Task 1 until they had completed processing Task 2, and then they responded to both tasks almost simultaneously. However, a subset of participants (11 younger adults and 11 older adults) who showed no evidence of response grouping on Task 1 continued to show a larger PRP effect for older adults on Task 2. In Experiment 2 (Task 1= dot location, Task 2= simultaneous letter matching), older adults continued to show a larger PRP effect than younger adults for Task 2, and Task 1 performance was unaffected by SOA. Consequently, these experiments provide evidence that older adults (relative to younger adults) exhibit a decrement in time-sharing at the response-selection stage of processing. These results suggest that attentional time-sharing needs to be added to the list of topics examined in aging research on varieties of attention.