SIX EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES: A DESCRIPTIVE OVERVIEW
SIX EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS AND HEALTH INEQUALITIES: A DESCRIPTIVE OVERVIEW
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DOI：
10.2190/hs.40.2.g
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发表时间：
2010-01-01
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Muntaner, Carles
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Benach, Joan;Solar, Orielle;Muntaner, Carles
在高收入国家，提供最低程度的稳定性、收入可持续性、工人赋权和社会保护的标准全职永久就业已经下降，而这在世界其他地区从来都不是常态。因此，工作对人口健康和保健不平等的影响越来越大，这不仅是因为有害的工作条件，也因为就业条件。然而，就业条件对健康的影响在研究中基本上被忽视了。提交人从全世界的角度描述了五种偏离标准全职永久就业的就业条件：不稳定就业、失业、非正式就业、强迫就业或奴役、童工及其对健康的影响。尽管存在明显的衡量和国际可比性问题，但调查结果表明，当然在低收入国家，这些条件主要处于非正式状态，否认任何可能的安全、保护、可持续性和工人权利标准。世界上相当多的劳动人民在地理和社会经济上受到不平等的影响。这显然将不标准的就业条件与健康公平后果联系起来。在未来，政府和卫生机构应该建立更充分的监测系统、研究项目和政策意识，以了解这些不标准的就业条件对健康的影响。
Standard full-time permanent employment providing a minimal degree of stability, income sustainability, workers' empowerment, and social protection has declined in the high-income countries, while it was never the norm in the rest of the world. Consequently, work is increasingly affecting population health and health inequalities, not only as a consequence of harmful working conditions, but also because of employment conditions. Nevertheless, the health consequences of employment conditions are largely neglected in research. The authors describe five types of employment conditions that deviate from standard full-time permanent employment precarious employment, unemployment, informal employment, forced employment or slavery, and child labor and their health consequences, from a worldwide perspective. Despite obvious problems of measurement and international comparability, the findings show that, certainly in the low-income countries, these conditions are largely situated in informality, denying any possible standard of safety, protection, sustainability, and workers' rights. Considerable numbers of the world's working people are affected in geographically and socioeconomically unequal ways. This clearly relates nonstandard employment conditions to health equity consequences. In the future, governments and health agencies should establish more adequate surveillance systems, research programs, and policy awareness regarding the health effects of these nonstandard employment conditions.