Population dynamics of the citrus swallowtail,Papilio xuthus Linné (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): Mechanisms stabilizing its numbers
Population dynamics of the citrus swallowtail,Papilio xuthus Linné (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): Mechanisms stabilizing its numbers
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柑橘凤蝶 Papilio xuthus Linné 的种群动态（鳞翅目：凤蝶科）：稳定其数量的机制
DOI：
10.1007/bf02513625
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发表时间：
1980
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
K. Yamaguchi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Y. Hirose;Y. Suzuki;M. Takagi;K. Hiehata;M. Yamasaki;H. Kimoto;M. Yamanaka;M. Iga;K. Yamaguchi
1970-72年，在日本福冈郊区斑块分布的4个柑桔园中，对4个亚种群共建立24个生命表，研究了该种群的种群动态。产卵持续发生在整个生长季节，根据温度和推算一年有4个世代。由于成年雌性种群表现出较高的扩散能力，4个林区的种群仅在未成熟期才被视为整个种群的亚种群。最大亚群的种群波动表明，与许多其他鳞翅目昆虫相比，整个种群的数量波动非常稳定。未成熟阶段的死亡率在很大程度上补偿了第四代4个亚种群卵密度的变化，当时整个种群的卵密度是一年中最高的。讨论了各种天敌的作用，据报道，这种空间密度对死亡率的依赖部分是由于赤眼蜂的卵寄生。(包括乳突毛滴虫、澳大利亚毛滴虫、毛滴虫)。和松毛虫T.endrolimi Mats.)部分寄生于蕨类幼虫Pteromalus puparum(L.)除第三代外，最大亚群的幼虫死亡率也主要依赖于蛹的时间密度。结果表明，整个种群的稳定是由这些世代时间比寄主短的卵寄生虫和幼虫的密度依赖性作用所维持的。亚种群之间的交换是另一种稳定机制，与斑块异质环境中的扩散和产卵模式有关。
The population dynamics of Papilio xuthus L. was studied in 4 citrus groves distributed patchily in a suburban area of Fukuoka, Japan, in 1970-72, a total of 24 life-tables being constructed for the 4 subpopulations. Oviposition occurred continuously during the growing season, and it was estimated from temperature sums that there were 4 generations a year. Because adult females exhibited high powers of dispersal, the populations in the 4 groves were regarded as subpopulations of the entire population only in the immature period. Population fluctuation in the largest subpopulation suggested that fluctuation in numbers of the entire population was remarkably stable, as compared with that in many other Lepidoptera. Mortality in the immature stages largely compensated for any change in egg density among the 4 subpopulations in the fourth generation, when the egg density of the entire population was highest in a year. The action of various natural enemies is discussed, and it is reported that this spatial density dependence in mortality was in part due to egg parasitism by Trichogramma spp. (including T. papilionis Nagarkatti, T. australicum Gir. and T. dendrolimi Mats.) and in part to pupal parasitism by Pteromalus puparum (L.). P. puparum was also largely responsible for temporal density dependence in pupal mortality of the largest subpopulation except the third generation. It is concluded that stability of the entire population is maintained by the density-dependent action of these egg and pupal parasites with shorter generation times than the host. Exchange between subpopulations is discussed as another stabilising mechanism, in relation to the modes of dispersal and oviposition in a patchy heterogeneous environment.