The Illustris simulation: the evolving population of black holes across cosmic time
The Illustris simulation: the evolving population of black holes across cosmic time
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DOI：
10.1093/mnras/stv1340
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发表时间：
2014-08
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
D. Sijacki;M. Vogelsberger;S. Genel;V. Springel;P. Torrey;G. Snyder;D. Nelson;Lars Hernquist IoAKICC-Lars-Hernquist-Io
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文献类型：
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作者：
D. Sijacki;M. Vogelsberger;S. Genel;V. Springel;P. Torrey;G. Snyder;D. Nelson;Lars Hernquist IoAKICC-Lars-Hernquist-Io
我们在 Illustris 模拟中研究了整个宇宙时间中黑洞及其宿主星系的特性。 Illustris 是一种大规模宇宙流体动力学模拟，可解析具有超过 120 亿个分辨率元素的 (106.5 Mpc)^3 体积，并包括与星系形成相关的最先进的物理模型。我们发现 Illustris 预测的红移 z = 0–5 处的黑洞质量密度和 z = 0 处的黑洞质量函数与最新的观测约束非常一致。我们表明，活动星系核 (AGN) 在 z = 0 和 1 处的辐射热和硬 X 射线光度函数在探测的整个动态范围内很好地再现了观测数据。除非辐射热校正被大大低估，否则这要求辐射效率平均较低，ϵ_r ≲ 0.1，但请注意，在我们的模型中，辐射效率随黑洞反馈效率而退化。宇宙中 AGN 数量的缩小与 X 射线调查的结果大体一致，但我们预测高红移处微弱 AGN 的数量密度比目前推断的要大。我们还研究了黑洞与宿主星系的尺度关系作为星系形态、颜色和特定恒星形成率的函数。我们发现黑洞和星系在质量端共同演化，但对于低质量、蓝色和恒星形成星系来说，它们与它们的中心黑洞质量或核活动星系核活动没有紧密的关系。
We study the properties of black holes and their host galaxies across cosmic time in the Illustris simulation. Illustris is a large-scale cosmological hydrodynamical simulation which resolves a (106.5 Mpc)^3 volume with more than 12 billion resolution elements and includes state-of-the-art physical models relevant for galaxy formation. We find that the black hole mass density for redshifts z = 0–5 and the black hole mass function at z = 0 predicted by Illustris are in very good agreement with the most recent observational constraints. We show that the bolometric and hard X-ray luminosity functions of active galactic nuclei (AGN) at z = 0 and 1 reproduce observational data very well over the full dynamic range probed. Unless the bolometric corrections are largely underestimated, this requires radiative efficiencies to be on average low, ϵ_r ≲ 0.1, noting however that in our model radiative efficiencies are degenerate with black hole feedback efficiencies. Cosmic downsizing of the AGN population is in broad agreement with the findings from X-ray surveys, but we predict a larger number density of faint AGN at high redshifts than currently inferred. We also study black hole–host galaxy scaling relations as a function of galaxy morphology, colour and specific star formation rate. We find that black holes and galaxies co-evolve at the massive end, but for low mass, blue and star-forming galaxies there is no tight relation with either their central black hole masses or the nuclear AGN activity.