Flood impacts on emergency responders operating at a city-scale
Flood impacts on emergency responders operating at a city-scale
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DOI：
10.5194/nhess-2016-309
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发表时间：
2016-09
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Daniel Green;D. Yu;I. Pattison;R. Wilby;L. Bosher;Ramila Patel;Philip Thompson;K. Trowell;Julia Draycon;Martin Halse;Lili Yang;T. Ryley
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文献类型：
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作者：
Daniel Green;D. Yu;I. Pattison;R. Wilby;L. Bosher;Ramila Patel;Philip Thompson;K. Trowell;Julia Draycon;Martin Halse;Lili Yang;T. Ryley
应急响应人员往往必须在包括洪水在内的动态天气条件下运作和应对紧急情况。本文展示了一种新的方法，使用现有的工具和数据集，以评估应急响应人员的可达性在城市的莱斯特，英国洪水事件。在“正常”、非洪水条件下以及各种规模的洪水情景（即20年一遇、100年一遇和1,000年一遇的重现间隔）下，分别使用8分钟和10分钟的救护车和消防和救援服务紧急提供立法目标对可达性进行量化，同时考虑地表水和河流洪水条件。洪水限制处理的基础上进行了先前的水动力淹没建模和输入到网络分析框架的限制地表水和河流洪水事件。地表水洪水被证明会造成更多的破坏，应急响应人员在城市内运行，由于其广泛的和空间分布的足迹相比，河流洪水事件的规模相当。在无洪水、20年一遇、100年一遇和1,000年一遇地表水洪水情景下，消防和救援10分钟可达性分别从100%、66.5%、39.8%和26.2%下降。此外，总不可达性随着洪水量级的增加而增加，在20年一遇和100年一遇地表水洪水情景下分别从6.0%增加到31.0%。此外，通过地表水洪水事件的应急服务的可访问性的演变概述，表明在地表水洪水事件的第一个15分钟内的应急服务的可访问性的影响的快速发作，减少服务覆盖面和重叠的救护车服务下1在100年一遇的洪水事件。该研究提供了证据，以指导决策者在城市规模的洪水事件应急反应之前和期间进行战略规划，并提供了一种易于转移的方法，以根据历史上的、基于洪水的事件或实时预测（如果有此类数据），探讨自然灾害或中断对其他城市或地区的影响。
Emergency responders often have to operate and respond to emergency situations during dynamic weather conditions, including floods. This paper demonstrates a novel method using existing tools and datasets to evaluate emergency responder accessibility during flood events within the City of Leicester, UK. Accessibility was quantified using the 8- and 10-minute legislative targets for emergency provision for the Ambulance and Fire & Rescue services respectively under ‘normal’, no flood conditions, as well as flood scenarios of various magnitudes (namely the 1 in 20 year-, 1 in 100-year and 1 in 1,000-year recurrence intervals), with both surface water and fluvial flood conditions considered. Flood restrictions were processed based on previous hydrodynamic inundation modelling undertaken and inputted into a Network Analysis framework as restrictions for surface water and fluvial flood events. Surface water flooding was shown to cause more disruption to emergency responders operating within the city due to its widespread and spatially distributed footprint when compared to fluvial flood events of comparable magnitude. Fire & Rescue 10-minute accessibility was shown to decrease from 100 %, 66.5 %, 39.8 % and 26.2 % under the no flood, 1 in 20-year, 1 in 100-year and 1 in 1,000- year surface water flood scenarios respectively. Furthermore, total inaccessibility was shown to increase with flood magnitude, increasing from 6.0 % to 31.0 % under the 1 in 20-year and 1 in 100-year surface water flooding scenarios respectively. Further, the evolution of emergency service accessibility through a surface water flood event is outlined, demonstrating the rapid onset of impacts on emergency service accessibility within the first 15-minutes of the surface water flood event, with a reduction in service coverage and overlap being witnessed for the Ambulance service under a 1 in 100-year flood event. The study provides evidence to guide strategic planning for decision makers prior to and during emergency response to flood events at the cityscale and provides a readily transferable method to explore the impacts of natural hazards or disruptions on additional cities or regions based on historic, scenario-based events or real-time forecasting if such data is available.