Physiology of the cerebellum.
Physiology of the cerebellum.
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DOI：
10.1016/b978-0-444-63956-1.00006-0
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发表时间：
2018-01-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
D'Angelo, Egidio
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D'Angelo, Egidio
小脑是一个中央大脑结构，与大脑皮层、脑干和脊髓深度整合成主要环路。小脑显示一个复杂的区域组织，由矢状方向的模块组成。小脑参与运动控制，它的损伤会导致一种称为共济失调的运动失调综合症。最近的观察还表明，小脑参与了认知和执行控制，并对阅读障碍和自闭症等病理疾病产生了影响。小脑作为一个前向控制器，学习预测相关事件的准确时间。小脑功能的生理机制仍然是深入研究的对象。通过苔藓纤维进入小脑的信号在颗粒层被处理并传递到浦肯野细胞，而侧支通路激活小脑深核(DCN)。浦肯野细胞反过来抑制DCN，因此小脑皮质作为控制DCN的侧环运行。现在已知学习是通过颗粒层、分子层和DCN中的多个突触的突触可塑性发生的，扩展了运动学习理论的原始概念，该理论预测在来自下橄榄的攀援纤维的监督下，平行纤维和浦肯野细胞之间的突触只有一种形式的可塑性。协调性源于对不同小脑模块的定时和增益的精确调节。使用先进的生理记录和计算模型对小脑动力学进行研究，现在正在为小脑网络如何执行其内部计算提供新的线索。
The cerebellum is a central brain structure deeply integrated into major loops with the cerebral cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. The cerebellum shows a complex regional organization consisting of modules with sagittal orientation. The cerebellum takes part in motor control and its lesions cause a movement incoordination syndrome called ataxia. Recent observations also imply involvement of the cerebellum in cognition and executive control, with an impact on pathologies like dyslexia and autism. The cerebellum operates as a forward controller learning to predict the precise timing of correlated events. The physiologic mechanisms of cerebellar functioning are still the object of intense research. The signals entering the cerebellum through the mossy fibers are processed in the granular layer and transmitted to Purkinje cells, while a collateral pathway activates the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN). Purkinje cells in turn inhibit DCN, so that the cerebellar cortex operates as a side loop controlling the DCN. Learning is now known to occur through synaptic plasticity at multiple synapses in the granular layer, molecular layer, and DCN, extending the original concept of the Motor Learning Theory that predicted a single form of plasticity at the synapse between parallel fibers and Purkinje cells under the supervision of climbing fibers deriving from the inferior olive. Coordination derives from the precise regulation of timing and gain in the different cerebellar modules. The investigation of cerebellar dynamics using advanced physiologic recordings and computational models is now providing new clues on how the cerebellar network performs its internal computations.