Czechoslovakia's "Velvet Divorce," Visegrad Cohesion, and European Fault Lines
Czechoslovakia's "Velvet Divorce," Visegrad Cohesion, and European Fault Lines
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捷克斯洛伐克的“天鹅绒离婚”、维谢格拉德凝聚力和欧洲断层线
DOI：
10.1080/09662839408407184
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发表时间：
1993
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. Simon
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Simon
1993 年 1 月 1 日，捷克和斯洛伐克联邦共和国 (CSFR) 分裂为捷克共和国和斯洛伐克，这不仅在摩拉维亚-斯洛伐克边境划定了新的国家边界。分裂对心理和地区安全的影响要大得多：它导致了中欧的重新结盟。新的边界导致捷克共和国转向西方，削弱了维谢格拉德集团，并有可能孤立斯洛伐克，其影响也波及乌克兰。波兰、捷克斯洛伐克和匈牙利于1991年2月15日创建了维谢格拉德三角，以展示三国克服历史分歧并协调最终“重返欧洲”的能力。 (1) 这是通过加入欧洲共同体（EC）和北大西洋公约组织（NATO）等西方机构来实现的。 (2) 在 1990 年的大部分时间里，CSFR 2,141 英里边界的 74% 与当时的华约盟国波兰（813 英里）和北部的东德（285 英里）、南部的匈牙利（420 英里）和东部的苏联（61 英里）有关。在东西方之间，它与两个联盟的中部地区的核心接壤；苏联和德意志联邦共和国（221 英里）。 (3)捷克斯洛伐克联邦外交部长吉日·丁斯特比尔认为，捷克斯洛伐克的作用是在三角区域内进行合作，并充当东西方之间的“桥梁”。这一政策一直持续到 1991 年秋季。 地缘政治转型 地缘政治局势因 1990 年 10 月 3 日德国统一、1991 年 6 月苏联中央部队最终从捷克斯洛伐克撤军、1991 年 7 月 1 日华沙条约终止以及 1991 年底前苏联解体而发生了根本性的变化。德国的统一具有重大意义。 CSFR 的影响。德意志民主共和国消失，CSFR与北约德国的边界扩大到506英里；由于“四加二”协议，CSFR现在可以预计到1994年苏联西方军队集团将从德国撤出。苏联军队最终从捷克斯洛伐克撤军以及1991年7月1日华沙条约的正式终止给CSFR带来了新的独立感。苏联解体导致后继国家——俄罗斯（加里宁格勒）、立陶宛、白俄罗斯和乌克兰——在维谢格拉德三角的边界上出现；捷克斯洛伐克现在只有乌克兰作为前苏联的邻居。捷克斯洛伐克及其维谢格拉德三角国家信心增强，开始加大西移力度。 1992 年 6 月的 CSFR 选举矛盾地为“天鹅绒离婚”创造了先决条件。 (4) 争端的关键不是民族主义，而是经济。它与两个共和国的经济平等和不平等有关，巧合的是，这两个共和国的观点占主导地位。该联合会无利可图。 (5) 在决定没有必要进行全国公民投票后，捷克共和国和斯洛伐克共和国新政府决定在CSFR的摩拉维亚共和国和斯洛伐克共和国之间划定新的国家边界。 1993年1月1日，两个新国家——捷克共和国和斯洛伐克成立；维谢格拉德三角成为维谢格拉德集团。为了捷克共和国。分裂对捷克共和国的地区和政治影响是巨大的。从布拉格的角度来看，捷克共和国与西方的联系显着增强。现在，其 1,300 英里边境的 62% 与欧洲德语区相连；它与（统一的）德国和奥地利共享 806 英里。 （6）与维谢格拉德盟友的边界大幅缩小，达到34%；与波兰的边界已减半至 440 英里，与匈牙利的边界已不复存在。在其东部边境，斯洛伐克现在为捷克共和国与乌克兰提供了 200 英里的缓冲区。 ……
The separation of the Czech and Slovak Federated Republic (CSFR) into the Czech Republic and Slovakia on 1 January 1993 did not just draw a new state boundary at the Moravian-Slovak border. The psychological and regional security implications of the split are much greater: it has caused realignment in Central Europe. New borders have caused the Czech Republic to turn westward, weakening the Visegrad Group and creating the potential for isolating Slovakia with reverberations extending to Ukraine. Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary created the Visegrad triangle on 15 February 1991 to demonstrate the ability of the three to overcome historical differences and to coordinate their eventual "return to Europe." (1) This was to be achieved by joining Western institutions such as the European Community (EC) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). (2) During most of 1990, 74 percent of the CSFR's 2,141-mile border was with then Warsaw Pact allies Poland (813 miles) and East Germany (285 miles) in the north, Hungary (420 miles) in the south, and the Soviet Union (61 miles) in the east. Between East and West it shared borders with the core of both alliances' Central Regions; the Soviet Union and the Federal Republic of Germany (221 miles). (3) CSFR Foreign Minister Jiri Dienstbier argued that Czechoslovakia's role was to cooperate within the triangle and to act as a "bridge" between West and East. This policy remained in force through the fall of 1991. Geopolitical Transformation The geopolitical situation was radically altered by the unification of Germany on 3 October 1990, the final withdrawal of the Soviet Central Group of Forces from Czechoslovakia in June 1991, the termination of the Warsaw Pact on 1 July 1991, and the disintegration of the former Soviet Union at the end of 1991. Germany's unification had significant ramifications for the CSFR. The German Democratic Republic disappeared, expanding the CSFR's border with NATO Germany to 506 miles; and, as a result of the Four-plus-Two Agreement, the CSFR could now anticipate the withdrawal of the Western Group of Soviet Forces from Germany by 1994. The final withdrawal of the Soviet military from Czechoslovakia and formal termination of the Warsaw Pact on 1 July 1991 gave the CSFR a new sense of independence. The disintegration of the Soviet Union led to the emergence of successor states--Russia (Kaliningrad), Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine--on the borders of the Visegrad triangle; Czechoslovakia now had only Ukraine as a neighbor from the former Soviet Union. The confidence of Czechoslovakia and its Visegrad triangle counterparts was bolstered, and they began to push harder in their shift westward. The June 1992 CSFR elections paradoxically created the preconditions for the "velvet divorce." (4) The key dimension of the dispute was not nationalistic, but economic. It related to economic equality and inequality in both republics where, coincidentally, the same opinion dominated; that federation was unprofitable. (5) After deciding that a national plebiscite was unnecessary, the new Czech republic and Slovak republic governments decided to draw a new state border between the CSFR's Moravian and Slovakian republics. On 1 January 1993 two new states--the Czech Republic and Slovakia were created; and the Visegrad Triangle became the Visegrad Group. FOR THE CZECH REPUBLIC. The regional and political implications of the split have been dramatic for the Czech Republic. From Prague's perspective, the Czech Republic's ties to the West have been significantly enhanced. Now 62 percent of its 1,300-mile border is with German-speaking Europe; it shares 806 miles with (unified) Germany and Austria. (6) Its borders with Visegrad allies have been reduced greatly, to 34 percent; its border with Poland has been halved to 440 miles, and its border with Hungary no longer exists. On its eastern frontier, Slovakia now provides the Czech Republic with a 200-mile buffer with Ukraine. …