The role of uncertainty and reward on eye movements in a virtual driving task
The role of uncertainty and reward on eye movements in a virtual driving task
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DOI：
10.1167/12.13.19
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发表时间：
2012-01-01
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
Hayhoe, Mary
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sullivan, Brian T.;Johnson, Leif;Hayhoe, Mary
自然任务中的眼球运动与正在进行的任务需求很好地协调，许多变量可能影响注视策略。Sprague和Ballard（2003）提出了一种目光调度模型，该模型使用效用加权的不确定性度量来确定对任务相关物体的注视的优先级，并预测人类的目光应该受到奖励结构和任务相关不确定性的影响。为了验证这一猜想，我们在模拟驾驶任务中跟踪了参与者的眼球运动，其中不确定性和隐性奖励（通过任务优先级）是不同的。参与者被要求同时执行一项跟随任务，在特定的距离上跟随一辆领头的车，以及一项速度任务，在特定的速度下开车。我们通过指示参与者强调一项任务而不是另一项任务来改变隐性奖励，并通过存在或不存在均匀噪音来改变速度任务中的不确定性，从而增加了汽车的速度。将被试注视数据根据注视附近的图像内容进行分类，并将其分割成不同的外观。凝视测量（包括注视比例、持续时间和注视间隔）表明，如果速度计具有高度不确定性，司机会更密切地监视它，但只有当它也与高任务优先级或隐性奖励相关时才会如此。观察到的相互作用似乎是一个简单机制的例子，即视觉不确定性的减少是由行为相关性控制的。这为Sprague和Ballard模型中提出的控制凝视分配的主要变量提供了定性支持。
Eye movements during natural tasks are well coordinated with ongoing task demands and many variables could influence gaze strategies. Sprague and Ballard (2003) proposed a gaze-scheduling model that uses a utility-weighted uncertainty metric to prioritize fixations on task-relevant objects and predicted that human gaze should be influenced by both reward structure and task-relevant uncertainties. To test this conjecture, we tracked the eye movements of participants in a simulated driving task where uncertainty and implicit reward (via task priority) were varied. Participants were instructed to simultaneously perform a Follow Task where they followed a lead car at a specific distance and a Speed Task where they drove at an exact speed. We varied implicit reward by instructing the participants to emphasize one task over the other and varied uncertainty in the Speed Task with the presence or absence of uniform noise added to the car's velocity. Subjects' gaze data were classified for the image content near fixation and segmented into looks. Gaze measures, including look proportion, duration and interlook interval, showed that drivers more closely monitor the speedometer if it had a high level of uncertainty, but only if it was also associated with high task priority or implicit reward. The interaction observed appears to be an example of a simple mechanism whereby the reduction of visual uncertainty is gated by behavioral relevance. This lends qualitative support for the primary variables controlling gaze allocation proposed in the Sprague and Ballard model.