WHAT IS DIFFERENT ABOUT HIGH CRIME AREAS
WHAT IS DIFFERENT ABOUT HIGH CRIME AREAS
复制标题
犯罪高发地区有何不同
DOI：
10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a048181
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发表时间：
1992
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
K. Pease
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Trickett;D. Osborn;J. Seymour;K. Pease
本说明报告了对1982年英国犯罪调查的第二次分析。它根据经历的总犯罪率对抽样点进行排名，并确定高犯罪率和低犯罪率地区之间的差异。根据犯罪与受害者的比率来衡量，这两个国家的脆弱性不同。这表明，每个受害者的受害人数随着地区犯罪率的增加而显著增加。因此，以防止再次受害为重点的预防犯罪战略将侧重于最脆弱的人和地方。正如犯罪率可以从关注罪犯及其适当处置的角度来考虑一样，它也可以从受害者的角度来考虑。将流行率定义为受害者的比例，将脆弱性定义为每个受害者的受害人数，则一个地区的犯罪率是犯罪流行率和脆弱性(字面上是算术意义上的)的产物。换句话说，正如一个地区可能因为几个非常活跃的罪犯或许多不太活跃的罪犯而遭受大量犯罪一样，一个地区也可能遭受大量犯罪，因为许多人一次成为受害者或因为少数人反复受害。了解不同地区之间差异的原因对于预防犯罪战略至关重要。举两个简单的极端：如果犯罪率高的地区是因为居民成为犯罪受害者的比例很高，那么预防犯罪的问题主要是试图防止非受害者成为受害者。如果因重复受害而发生高犯罪率，相应地，预防犯罪应着眼于防止已经受害的人再次受害。在许多方面，后者的前景不那么令人望而生畏，特别是因为预防犯罪的努力可能集中在较小比例的
This note reports secondary analysis of the 1982 British Crime Survey. It ranks sampling points by total crime experienced, and identifies differences between high and low crime areas. These differ in 'vulnerabilitymeasured as the ratio of crimes to victims. This reveals that the number of victimizations per victim rises markedly as area crime rate increases. Thus a strategy of crime prevention which concentrated on the prevention of repeat victimization would focus on the most vulnerable people and places. Just as a crime rate can be considered from a perspective which concentrates on offenders and their appropriate disposition, so it can be considered in terms of victims. Defining prevalence as the proportion of people who become victims and vulnerability as the number of victimizations per victim, then an area's crime incidence is a product (literally, in the arithmetical sense) of crime prevalence and vulnerability. In other words, just as an area may suffer much crime because of a few very active offenders or many less active offenders, so an area may suffer much crime because many people become victims once or because a few people are repeatedly victimized. Knowing the reason for the differences between areas is of crucial importance for crime prevention strategy. Take two simple extremes: if high crime areas are so because the proportion of residents who become victims of crime is high, the problem of crime prevention is predominantly that of attempting to prevent a non-victim from becoming a victim. If high crime rates occur because of repeat victimization, crime prevention should correspondingly focus on preventing people who have already been victimized from being victimized again. In many ways, the latter is a less daunting prospect, notably because crime prevention effort may be focused on a smaller proportion of