Firearm licensure, lead levels and suicides in Massachusetts.
Firearm licensure, lead levels and suicides in Massachusetts.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107377
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发表时间：
2022-12
影响因子：
5.1
通讯作者：
Christian Hoover;A. Specht;D. Hemenway
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Christian Hoover;A. Specht;D. Hemenway
在全国范围内，2011年至2019年，自杀是伤害死亡的第二大原因，大约一半的自杀与枪支有关。一个被忽视的因素连接枪支和自杀是铅暴露。铅弹和底火在美国各地使用，对成人和儿童构成危险。大多数（不是所有）研究都将铅与精神疾病联系起来，而其他研究则将铅与自杀联系起来。研究已经将铅和枪支暴力联系起来，但很少研究枪支，铅暴露和自杀之间的关系。我们收集了2011年至2019年期间马萨诸塞州城市/城镇的枪支许可证数量、自杀人数、血铅水平患病率和协变量的数据。我们假设，1）具有较高水平许可证的城镇将有较高水平的枪支自杀，但许可证与非枪支自杀几乎没有关系; 2）具有较高水平许可证的城镇将有较高的铅暴露率; 3）较高的铅水平将与所有方法的较高自杀率相关。居住在有较高执照率的城镇的个人更有可能死于枪支自杀和所有自杀类型。他们不太可能死于非枪支自杀。铅是所有自杀类型的预测因子。我们的研究似乎是第一个表明在一个州的市政当局内建立枪支自杀关系的研究。我们提供了有关铅暴露与自杀之间联系的证据，特别是来自枪支的证据，并提供了枪支流行率与血铅水平升高之间关系的一瞥。
Nationally, between 2011 and 2019, suicide was the second leading cause of injury death, and about half of all suicides were firearm related. An overlooked factor connecting firearms and suicide is lead exposure. Lead bullets and primers are used throughout the US and pose danger to adults and children. Most (not all) studies link lead to mental illness, while others link lead with suicide. Research has linked lead and firearm violence, but rarely examined the relationship among firearms, lead exposure, and suicide. We collected data for cities/towns in Massachusetts between 2011 and 2019 regarding the number of firearm licenses, suicides, prevalence of blood lead levels, and covariates. We hypothesized that; 1) towns with higher levels of licensure will have higher levels of firearm suicides but licensure will have little relationship with non-firearm suicide; 2) towns with higher levels of licensures would have higher rates of lead exposure; 3) higher lead levels would be associated with higher rates of suicide by all methods. Individuals living in towns with higher rates of licensure were significantly more likely to die in firearm suicides and all suicide types. They were not more or less likely to die from non-firearm suicides. Lead was a predictor of all suicide types. Our study appears to be the first to show the established firearm suicide relationships holds within municipalities in a single state. We provide evidence concerning the link between lead exposure and suicide, particularly from firearms, and provide a glimpse into the relationship between firearm prevalence and elevated blood lead levels.