Chromium contamination in groundwater and Sobol sensitivity model based human health risk evaluation from leather tanning industrial region of South India
Chromium contamination in groundwater and Sobol sensitivity model based human health risk evaluation from leather tanning industrial region of South India
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envres.2021.111238
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发表时间：
2021-05-23
影响因子：
8.3
通讯作者：
Venkatesan, G.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Karunanidhi, D.;Aravinthasamy, P.;Venkatesan, G.
目前的调查进行，以找到可能的铬污染的地下水和相关的健康风险，在印度南部的皮革工业区使用Sobol敏感性模型。从现场采集了35个地下水样品，并分析了pH值、TDS（总溶解固体）、EC（电导率）、F-（氟化物）、NO3-（硝酸盐）和Cr（铬）。硝酸盐浓度范围为3 ~ 81 mg/L，平均为48.6 mg/L。根据世界卫生组织（WHO），约57%（n = 20）的威尔斯超过了NO3-的饮用限值（45 mg/L）。氟离子浓度范围为0.1 ~ 2.7 mg/L，平均1.5 mg/L。约51%（n = 18）的样本超过了WHO推荐的F-限值（1.5 mg/L）。地下水中铬的含量变化范围为0.01 ~ 0.19 mg/L，平均值为0.1 mg/L。约有66%（n = 23）的样品超过WHO标准中Cr的允许限量（0.05mg/L）。地下水中铬的空间分布图显示271.76km2的区域处于风险之中。根据总危害指数（THI），分别有66%、46%和43%的地下水样品超过儿童、妇女和男子的允许限值（THI > 1）。在该地区，儿童比妇女和男子更容易造成健康风险。使用Sobol敏感性指数，评估了三种不同类别的风险效应：一阶效应（FOE），总效应（TE）和二阶效应（SOE）。在口腔敏感性模型中，水中Cr（C-w）的浓度和摄入率（IR）起主导作用，而在皮肤模型中，除了浓度（C-w）之外，皮肤表面积（SA）和皮肤接触分数（F）也起重要作用。此外，这项研究的结果坚持认为，工业、市政和农业部门有责任保持环境不受污染，并确保向人民供应饮用水。
The present investigation was conducted to find the possible chromium contamination in groundwater and the related health risks in a leather industrial region of south India using Sobol sensitivity modeling. Thirty-five groundwater samples were sampled from the field sites and were analyzed for pH, TDS (Total Dissolved Solids), EC (Electrical Conductivity), F- (Fluoride), NO3- (Nitrate) and Cr (Chromium). The concentration of nitrate varied from 3 to 81 mg/L with a mean of 48.6 mg/L. About 57% (n = 20) of the wells surpassed the drinkable limit (45 mg/L) for NO3- as per World Health Organization (WHO). The fluoride ion ranged from 0.1 to 2.7 mg/L with a mean of 1.5 mg/L. Around 51% (n = 18) of the samples crossed the recommended limit of WHO for F- (1.5 mg/L). The chromium varied from 0.01 to 0.19 mg/L in groundwater with a mean of 0.1 mg/L. About 66% (n = 23) of the samples overshoot the permissible limit of WHO standards (0.05 mg/L) for Cr. The spatial distribution map of chromium in the groundwater showed that 271.76 km(2) area is under risk. Based on total hazard index (THI), 66%, 46%, and 43% of the groundwater samples surpassed the allowable limit (THI > 1) for children, women and men, correspondingly. Children pose severe health risks than women and men in this region. Using Sobol sensitivity indices, three different categories of risk effects were assessed: first order effect (FOE), total effect (TE) and second order effect (SOE). In the oral sensitivity model, concentration of Cr (C-w) in water and ingestion rate (IR) had the dominant role, whereas in the dermal model, skin surface area (SA) and contact fraction by skin (F) had vital role in addition to the concentration (C-w). Further, the outcome of this study insists the responsibilities of industrial, municipal and agricultural sectors to keep the environment pollution free and to ensure the supply of potable water to the people.