Evolutionary diversification of SPANX-N sperm protein gene structure and expression.
Evolutionary diversification of SPANX-N sperm protein gene structure and expression.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0000359
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发表时间：
2007-04-04
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Larionov, Vladimir
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kouprina, Natalay;Noskov, Vladimir N.;Pavlicek, Adam;Collins, N. Keith;Bortz, Pamela D. Schoppee;Ottolenghi, Chris;Loukinov, Dmitri;Goldsmith, Paul;Risinger, John I.;Kim, Jung-Hyun;Westbrook, V. Anne;Solomon, Gregory;Sounders, Hanna;Herr, John C.;Jurka, Jerzy;Lobanenkov, Victor;Schlessinger, David;Larionov, Vladimir
X染色体中与核相关的精子蛋白（SPAN）基因在两个亚家族中聚簇在Xq 27处，SPAN-A/D和SPAN-N。SPAN-A/D是类人猿特有的，并且被很好地表征。在人科动物谱系中，1700万年前的SPAN-N产生了SPAN-A/D。鉴于所提出的作用，在精子发生中的斯潘X基因，我们已经扩展到斯潘X-N基因的进化，变异，表达调控和精子内定位的研究。通过免疫荧光分析，SPAN-N蛋白仅定位于减数分裂后的精子细胞中，如SPAN-A/D。但与斯潘X-A/D相反，斯潘X-N存在于所有射出的精子中，而不仅仅是在一个亚群中，位于顶体中，而不是核膜中，并且在几种非配子发生的成人组织以及许多癌症中以低水平表达。与MAGE-A1和NY-ESO-1类似，在SPAN启动子中存在CTCF及其睾丸特异性旁腺BORIS的结合位点表明，它们在精子发生中的激活是由BORIS程序性取代CTCF介导的。基于CpG的相对密度，在非配子发生组织中与SPAN-A/D相比，SPAN-N的更广泛表达可能归因于启动子甲基化的差异。我们的研究结果表明，最近在人科动物中重复的斯潘X基因伴随着不同的定位斯潘X-N蛋白在减数分裂后的精子和额外的表达在几个非性腺组织。这表明在人科动物中，SPAN基因家族具有相应的功能多样性。因此，斯潘X蛋白提供了独特的目标，以研究其在精子，选定的恶性肿瘤，和斯潘X-N的功能，以及在其他组织中的作用。
The sperm protein associated with nucleus in the X chromosome (SPANX) genes cluster at Xq27 in two subfamilies, SPANX-A/D and SPANX-N. SPANX-A/D is specific for hominoids and is fairly well characterized. The SPANX-N gave rise to SPANX-A/D in the hominoid lineage ∼7 MYA. Given the proposed role of SPANX genes in spermatogenesis, we have extended studies to SPANX-N gene evolution, variation, regulation of expression, and intra-sperm localization. By immunofluorescence analysis, SPANX-N proteins are localized in post-meiotic spermatids exclusively, like SPANX-A/D. But in contrast to SPANX-A/D, SPANX-N are found in all ejaculated spermatozoa rather than only in a subpopulation, are localized in the acrosome rather than in the nuclear envelope, and are expressed at a low level in several nongametogenic adult tissues as well as many cancers. Presence of a binding site for CTCF and its testis-specific paralogue BORIS in the SPANX promoters suggests, by analogy to MAGE-A1 and NY-ESO-1, that their activation in spermatogenesis is mediated by the programmed replacement of CTCF by BORIS. Based on the relative density of CpG, the more extended expression of SPANX-N compared to SPANX-A/D in nongametogenic tissues is likely attributed to differences in promoter methylation. Our findings suggest that the recent duplication of SPANX genes in hominoids was accompanied by different localization of SPANX-N proteins in post-meiotic sperm and additional expression in several nongonadal tissues. This suggests a corresponding functional diversification of SPANX gene families in hominoids. SPANX proteins thus provide unique targets to investigate their roles in the function of spermatozoa, selected malignancies, and for SPANX-N, in other tissues as well.
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DOI：
10.1083/jcb.125.5.1157
发表时间：
1994-06
期刊：
The Journal of cell biology
影响因子：
--
作者：
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通讯作者：
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影响因子：
5.3
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Bailey-Wilson, JE
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Filippova, GN
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Shih, WC
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0308532100
发表时间：
2004-03-02
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Kouprina, N;Mullokandov, M;Larionov, V
通讯作者：
Larionov, V