A regional assessment of the water embedded in the US electricity system
A regional assessment of the water embedded in the US electricity system
复制标题
DOI：
10.1088/1748-9326/ab2daa
复制
发表时间：
2019-08-01
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Sanders, Kelly T.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Peer, Rebecca A. M.;Grubert, Emily;Sanders, Kelly T.
电力系统的耗水量可能很大，而且不同地区的耗水量差异很大。随着电力系统的变化，考虑到可用水量的差异，了解对水需求的影响非常重要。本信函根据环境保护局排放和发电资源综合数据库中的 26 个地区，以 2014 年为基准年，按地区介绍了美国电网的地区用水量和消耗强度。估算包括从燃料提取到转化的运营用水量（即不包含在固定资产中），计算为发电点 (PoG) 上游流程的诱导水消耗量和 PoG 消耗的水量之和。绝对水消耗量和消耗强度是由火电厂冷却需求驱动的。区域消耗强度大约相差 20 倍。这种变化主要归因于 PoG 上游的水消耗，特别是与水力发电相关的水库的蒸发。太阳能和风力发电预计将继续快速增长，消耗的水量很少，并且随着时间的推移可能会降低水消耗量。随着电网因政策、经济和气候驱动因素而不断变化，了解对当地水资源的潜在影响可以为变化提供信息。
Water consumption from electricity systems can be large, and it varies greatly by region. As electricity systems change, understanding the implications for water demand is important, given differential water availability. This letter presents regional water consumption and consumptive intensities for the United States electric grid by region using a 2014 base year, based on the 26 regions in the Environmental Protection Agency's Emissions&Generation Resource Integrated Database. Estimates encompass operational (i.e. not embodied in fixed assets) water consumption from fuel extraction through conversion, calculated as the sum of induced water consumption for processes upstream of the point of generation (PoG) and water consumed at the PoG. Absolute water consumption and consumptive intensity is driven by thermal power plant cooling requirements. Regional consumption intensities vary by roughly a factor of 20. This variability is largely attributed to water consumption upstream of the PoG, particularly evaporation from reservoirs associated with hydroelectricity. Solar and wind generation, which are expected to continue to grow rapidly, consume very little water and could drive lower water consumption over time. As the electricity grid continues to change in response to policy, economic, and climatic drivers, understanding potential impacts on local water resources can inform changes.