Halogen Atom Participation in Guiding the Stereochemical Outcomes of Acetal Substitution Reactions.

Halogen Atom Participation in Guiding the Stereochemical Outcomes of Acetal Substitution Reactions.
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DOI:
10.1002/anie.202209401
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发表时间:
2022-10-17
影响因子:
16.6
通讯作者:
Woerpel, K. A.
Woerpel, K. A.
中科院分区:
化学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Demkiw, Krystyna M.;Remmerswaal, Wouter A.;Hansen, Thomas;van der Marel, Gijsbert A.;Codee, Jeroen D. C.;Woerpel, K. A.

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α-卤代五元环和六元环的缩醛取代反应可以具有高度立体选择性。随着亲核性的增加,立体选择性会受到侵蚀,这与添加卤素稳定的氧碳鎓离子,而不是三元环卤鎓离子是一致的。计算研究证实开放形式的氧碳鎓离子是所涉及的反应中间体。动力学研究表明,超共轭效应和空间静电相互作用都有助于卤素取代的氧碳鎓离子的稳定。 α-卤代缩醛的亲核加成通过氧碳鎓离子中间体进行,其中碳-卤素键可以采用假轴位置或假赤道位置。当卤素原子位于缩醛的 C-2 处时,通常会观察到反式选择性,因为涉及假轴碳-卤素键的超共轭相互作用稳定了氧碳鎓离子中间体。
Acetal substitution reactions of α‐halogenated five‐ and six‐membered rings can be highly stereoselective. Erosion of stereoselectivity occurs as nucleophilicity increases, which is consistent with additions to a halogen‐stabilized oxocarbenium ion, not a three‐membered‐ring halonium ion. Computational investigations confirmed that the open‐form oxocarbenium ions are the reactive intermediates involved. Kinetic studies suggest that hyperconjugative effects and through‐space electrostatic interactions can both contribute to the stabilization of halogen‐substituted oxocarbenium ions. Nucleophilic additions to α‐haloacetals proceed via an oxocarbenium ion intermediate where the carbon‐halogen bond can either adopt a pseudo‐axial or a pseudo‐equatorial position. trans‐Selectivity is typically observed when a halogen atom is positioned at C‐2 of an acetal because hyperconjugative interactions involving the pseudo‐axial carbon‐halogen bond stabilize the oxocarbenium ion intermediate.
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