Not yet human: Implicit knowledge, historical dehumanization, and contemporary consequences
Not yet human: Implicit knowledge, historical dehumanization, and contemporary consequences
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DOI：
10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.292
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发表时间：
2008-02-01
影响因子：
7.6
通讯作者：
Jackson, Matthew Christian
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Goff, Phillip Atiba;Eberhardt, Jennifer L.;Jackson, Matthew Christian
在美国，明确将黑人描述为类人猿的历史陈述已经基本消失，但黑人和类人猿之间的心理联系仍然存在。在这里，作者证明了美国公民含蓄地将黑人和猿联系在一起。在一系列实验室研究中，作者揭示了这种关联如何影响研究参与者的基本认知过程，并显着改变他们在刑事司法背景下的判断。具体来说，这种黑猿协会改变了视觉感知和注意力，它增加了对黑人嫌疑人的暴力行为的支持。在对实际刑事案件的档案研究中，作者表明，关于黑人被判死刑的新闻文章比关于白色罪犯的新闻文章更有可能包含与猿相关的语言。此外，那些在这些文章中被含蓄地描绘成更像猿的人比那些不是的人更有可能被国家处决。作者认为，研究诸如此类的特定历史表征的微妙持久性不仅可以加强当代对非人化，刻板印象和隐含过程的研究，而且还可以突出以前未被认识到的常见形式的歧视。
Historical representations explicitly depicting Blacks as apelike have largely disappeared in the United States, yet a mental association between Blacks and apes remains. Here, the authors demonstrate that U.S. citizens implicitly associate Blacks and apes. In a series of laboratory studies, the authors reveal how this association influences study participants' basic cognitive processes and significantly alters their judgments in criminal justice contexts. Specifically, this Black-ape association alters visual perception and attention, and it increases endorsement of violence against Black suspects. In an archival study of actual criminal cases, the authors show that news articles written about Blacks who are convicted of capital crimes are more likely to contain ape-relevant language than news articles written about White convicts. Moreover, those who are implicitly portrayed as more apelike in these articles are more likely to be executed by the state than those who are not. The authors argue that examining the subtle persistence of specific historical representations such as these may not only enhance contemporary research on dehumanization, stereotyping, and implicit processes but also highlight common forms of discrimination that previously have gone unrecognized.