Anopheles gambiae distribution and insecticide resistance in the cities of Douala and Yaounde (Cameroon): influence of urban agriculture and pollution
Anopheles gambiae distribution and insecticide resistance in the cities of Douala and Yaounde (Cameroon): influence of urban agriculture and pollution
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DOI：
10.1186/1475-2875-10-154
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发表时间：
2011-06-08
期刊：
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Ranson, Hilary
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Antonio-Nkondjio, Christophe;Fossog, Billy Tene;Ranson, Hilary
背景：城市疟疾正在成为整个非洲的一个主要卫生优先事项。进行了一项研究，以评估城市污染和农业实践对喀麦隆两个主要城市疟疾媒介的分布和对杀虫剂的敏感性的重要性。方法：从 2009 年 10 月至 2010 年 12 月，对按蚊幼虫繁殖地进行了调查，每月对水样进行分析。分析的参数包括浊度、pH、温度、电导率、硫酸盐、磷酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氨、铝、碱度、铁、钾、锰、镁、镁硬度和总硬度。对城市地区与农村地区以及城市地区之间的水体特征进行了比较。比较了污染区、未污染区和耕地采集的蚊子之间冈比亚按蚊对 4% DDT、0.75% 氯菊酯、0.05% 溴氰菊酯、0.1% 苯虫威和 5% 马拉硫磷的敏感性水平。 结果：在调查过程中共采样了 1,546 个繁殖地，其中雅温得 690 个，杜阿拉 856 个。研究。与农村养殖场相比，城市中几乎所有测量参数的浓度都高出 2 至 100 倍。没有检测到对马拉硫磷的抗药性，但在雅温得存在苯灭威抗药性。接触滴滴涕或氯菊酯后观察到死亡率非常低，与高 kdr 频率相关。在耕地收集的蚊子表现出最高的抵抗水平。从污染地与非污染地收集的蚊子的杀虫剂抗性或 kdr 等位基因频率几乎没有差异。结论：数据证实来自城市地区的蚊子面临着高选择压力，并表明城市农业而不是污染是驱动杀虫剂抗性的主要因素。
Background: Urban malaria is becoming a major health priority across Africa. A study was undertaken to assess the importance of urban pollution and agriculture practice on the distribution and susceptibility to insecticide of malaria vectors in the two main cities in Cameroon.Methods: Anopheline larval breeding sites were surveyed and water samples analysed monthly from October 2009 to December 2010. Parameters analysed included turbidity, pH, temperature, conductivity, sulfates, phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, aluminium, alkalinity, iron, potassium, manganese, magnesium, magnesium hardness and total hardness. Characteristics of water bodies in urban areas were compared to rural areas and between urban sites. The level of susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae to 4% DDT, 0.75% permethrin, 0.05% deltamethrin, 0.1% bendiocarb and 5% malathion were compared between mosquitoes collected from polluted, non polluted and cultivated areas.Results: A total of 1,546 breeding sites, 690 in Yaounde and 856 in Douala, were sampled in the course of the study. Almost all measured parameters had a concentration of 2- to 100-fold higher in urban compare to rural breeding sites. No resistance to malathion was detected, but bendiocarb resistance was present in Yaounde. Very low mortality rates were observed following DDT or permethrin exposure, associated with high kdr frequencies. Mosquitoes collected in cultivated areas, exhibited the highest resistant levels. There was little difference in insecticide resistance or kdr allele frequency in mosquitoes collected from polluted versus non-polluted sites.Conclusion: The data confirm high selection pressure on mosquitoes originating from urban areas and suggest urban agriculture rather than pollution as the major factor driving resistance to insecticide.