The role of tRNA synthetases in neurological and neuromuscular disorders.

The role of tRNA synthetases in neurological and neuromuscular disorders.
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DOI:
10.1002/1873-3468.12962
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发表时间:
2018-03
期刊:
影响因子:
3.5
通讯作者:
Horvath R
Horvath R
中科院分区:
生物学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Boczonadi V;Jennings MJ;Horvath R

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氨基酰-tRNA合成酶(ARs)是一种普遍表达的酶,负责向tRNA充电其同源氨基酸,因此在蛋白质合成的第一步是必不可少的。尽管大多数蛋白质合成发生在细胞质中,但需要一个额外的翻译装置来翻译13种线粒体DNA编码的蛋白质,这些蛋白质对氧化磷酸化至关重要。这些细胞室中的大多数ARS基因是不同的,但有两个基因是共同的,它们编码线粒体和细胞质中的甘氨酸和赖氨酸的氨基酰tRNA合成酶(GARS)和赖氨酸(KARS)。37个核编码的人类ARS基因中的大多数突变与各种隐性和显性组织特异性疾病有关。目前的数据表明,酶功能受损可以解释致病性,但并不是所有致病的ARSS突变都会导致催化功能缺陷,因此,突变的后果可能来自其他分子机制。周围神经经常受到影响,正如导致Charcot-Marie-Tooth病(CMT)的细胞质和双功能tRNA合成酶的大量突变所表明的那样。在这里,我们提供了关于引起CMT的tRNA合成酶的病理机制的见解,特别是两种双功能tRNA合成酶(GARS,KARS)。
Aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are ubiquitously expressed enzymes responsible for charging tRNAs with their cognate amino acids, therefore essential for the first step in protein synthesis. Although the majority of protein synthesis happens in the cytosol, an additional translation apparatus is required to translate the 13 mitochondrial DNA‐encoded proteins important for oxidative phosphorylation. Most ARS genes in these cellular compartments are distinct, but two genes are common, encoding aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases of glycine (GARS) and lysine (KARS) in both mitochondria and the cytosol. Mutations in the majority of the 37 nuclear‐encoded human ARS genes have been linked to a variety of recessive and dominant tissue‐specific disorders. Current data indicate that impaired enzyme function could explain the pathogenicity, however not all pathogenic ARSs mutations result in deficient catalytic function; thus, the consequences of mutations may arise from other molecular mechanisms. The peripheral nerves are frequently affected, as illustrated by the high number of mutations in cytosolic and bifunctional tRNA synthetases causing Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT). Here we provide insights on the pathomechanisms of CMT‐causing tRNA synthetases with specific focus on the two bifunctional tRNA synthetases (GARS, KARS).
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