Ship-based measurements of ice nuclei concentrations over the Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific and Southern oceans
Ship-based measurements of ice nuclei concentrations over the Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific and Southern oceans
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北极、大西洋、太平洋和南部海洋冰核浓度的船基测量
DOI：
10.5194/acp-20-15191-2020
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发表时间：
2020-12
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
A. Welti;E. Bigg;P. DeMott;Xianda Gong;M. Hartmann;M. Harvey;S. Henning;P. Herenz;T. Hill;Blake Hornblow;C. Leck;M. Löffler;C. McCluskey;A. M. Rauker;J. Schmale;C. Tatzelt;M. van Pinxteren;F. Stratmann
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Welti;E. Bigg;P. DeMott;Xianda Gong;M. Hartmann;M. Harvey;S. Henning;P. Herenz;T. Hill;Blake Hornblow;C. Leck;M. Löffler;C. McCluskey;A. M. Rauker;J. Schmale;C. Tatzelt;M. van Pinxteren;F. Stratmann
摘要。收集并总结了在船舶考察期间测量的成冰粒子的环境浓度，目的是确定海洋区域冰核的空间分布和变异性。所呈现的文献数据以及来自超过23个月的船基测量的先前未发表的数据，从北极延伸到南大洋，包括环绕南极洲的航行。与大陆观测相比，基于船舶的环境冰核测量显示平均浓度低一到两个数量级。为了量化海洋区域的地理变异性，通过将考察轨迹按子午线划分为热带、温带和极地气候区来分析不同气候区潜在冰核的浓度范围。我们发现这些子午线区域的冰核浓度遵循具有相似斜率的温度谱，但绝对浓度不同。通常，在特定温度下观测到特定冰核浓度的频率遵循对数正态分布。对数正态分布的一个结果是平均浓度高于最常测量到的浓度。最后，分析了船舶废气对研究船所测冰核浓度的潜在贡献随温度的变化。我们发现大约在 -36°C时这种影响急剧开始，但在较温暖的温度下没有影响，这不会使基于船舶的测量产生偏差。
Abstract. Ambient concentrations of ice-forming particles measured during ship expeditions are collected and summarized with the aim of establishing a spatial distribution and variability of ice nuclei in oceanic regions. The presented data from literature and previously unpublished data from over 23 months of ship-based measurements stretch from the Arctic to the Southern Ocean and include a circumnavigation of Antarctica. In comparison to continental observations, ship-based measurements of ambient ice nuclei show one to two order of magnitude lower mean concentrations. To quantify the geographical variability in oceanic areas, the concentration range of potential ice nuclei in different climate zones is analysed by meridionally dividing the expedition tracks into: tropical, temperate and polar climate zones. We find that concentrations of ice nuclei in these meridional zones follow temperature spectra with similar slope, but vary in absolute concentration. Typically, the frequency with which specific concentrations of ice nuclei are observed at a certain temperature follows a log-normal distribution. A consequence of the log-normal distribution is that the mean concentration is higher than the most frequently measured concentration. Finally, the potential contribution of ship exhaust to the measured ice nuclei concentration on board of research-vessels is analysed as function of temperature. We find a sharp onset of the influence at approximately −36 °C, but none at warmer temperatures that could bias ship-based measurements.