Inequalities of extreme commuting across Canada
Inequalities of extreme commuting across Canada
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DOI：
10.1016/j.tbs.2022.05.005
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发表时间：
2022-05-30
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Farber, Steven
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Allen, Jeff;Palm, Matthew;Farber, Steven
评估运输公平和正义的研究和实践越来越多。通勤是研究的一个特别重要的方面，因为这种频繁的、非自由裁量的旅行可能会以牺牲其他活动的时间为代价，从而对心理健康和福祉产生负面影响。“极端通勤者”是指通勤负担特别重的工人，以前的定义是基于单程通勤时间超过60或90分钟。在本文中，我们研究了极端通勤在加拿大的社会和地理不平等。我们使用2016年加拿大所有通勤者的25%样本（n = 4，543，417），我们的分析包括描述性统计和逻辑回归模型。2016年，加拿大平均单程通勤时间为26分钟，但超过9.7%的劳动力通勤时间超过60分钟。然而，低收入家庭的极端通勤率为11.5%，移民为13.5%，非白人加拿大人为13.4%，黑人加拿大人高达18.6%，拉丁美洲加拿大人高达14.7%。我们发现，即使在控制了家庭因素，通勤模式，职业和建筑环境特征后，这些不平等仍然存在。在我们的模型中，种族的持续显著影响表明，住房和就业歧视等因素可能是极端通勤的原因。这些结果凸显了2019冠状病毒病大流行之前全国范围内的通勤差异，并明确证明了结构性边缘化导致了加拿大学者和规划者很少认识到的每日通勤时间这一关键指标的种族不平等。
There is growing body of research and practice assessing transportation equity and justice. Commuting is an especially important dimension to study since such frequent, non-discretionary travel, can come at the expense of time for other activities and therefore negatively impact mental health and well-being. An "extreme commuter " is a worker who has a particularly burdensome commute, and has previously been defined based on one-way commute times above 60 or 90 minutes. In this paper, we examine the social and geographic inequalities of extreme commuting in Canada. We use a 25% sample of all commuters in Canada in 2016 (n = 4,543,417) and our analysis consists of descriptive statistics and logistic regression models. The average one-way commute time in 2016 across Canada was 26 minutes, but over 9.7% of the workforce had commute times exceeding 60 mi-nutes. However, this rate of extreme commuting was 11.5% for low-income households, 13.5% for immigrants, and 13.4% among non-white Canadians, reaching as high as 18.6% for Black Canadians and 14.7% for Latin American Canadians specifically. We find that these inequalities persist even after controlling for household factors, commute mode, occupation, and built environment characteristics. The persistently significant effects of race in our models point to factors like housing and employment discrimination as possible contributors to extreme commuting. These results highlight commuting disparities at a national scale prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, and represents clear evidence of structural marginalization contributing to racialized inequalities in the critical metric of daily commute times seldom recognized by Canadian scholars and planners.