Natural and human-related determinants of dead wood quantity and quality in a managed European lowland temperate forest
Natural and human-related determinants of dead wood quantity and quality in a managed European lowland temperate forest
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DOI：
10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117845
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发表时间：
2020-03
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
P. Kapusta;P. Kurek;Łukasz Piechnik;G. Szarek-Łukaszewska;T. Zielonka;M. Żywiec;J. Holeksa
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文献类型：
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作者：
P. Kapusta;P. Kurek;Łukasz Piechnik;G. Szarek-Łukaszewska;T. Zielonka;M. Żywiec;J. Holeksa
关于确保腐殖酸生物持久存在和维持森林生态系统总体生物多样性的枯木最低阈值，人们已经知道很多，但在自然保护不是唯一目标的森林中，达到这些阈值仍然是一个挑战（例如，Natura 2000森林管理木材）。了解是什么决定了管理森林中枯木的数量和质量，是制定方法增加枯木保留量而不减少森林产量的先决条件。我们调查的体积，数量，腐烂阶段，和物种身份的立卧粗木质残体（CWD）在183个立场复杂的低地自然2000年在波兰南部的森林，然后确定这些参数和树木的林分结构之间的关系，强度以前的造林干预措施，地形的可及性，和当地社区的影响。CWD体积从0.1到66.3 m3 ha −1不等（平均为6.9 m3 ha −1），比建议的阈值小好几倍。大型CWD和已知支持丰富的saponylic生物群落的物种的CWD（例如，鹅耳枥（Carpinus betulus）明显代表性不足。经济价值较低的树种的木材往往留在森林中，这促进了CWD微生境的多样性。CWD的数量和质量受自然和人为因素的影响。在后者中，收获强度和接近人类住区对慢性消耗病有负面影响，而与地形有关的困难（离道路的距离、水道密度）对慢性消耗病有正面影响。令人惊讶的是，网站的可达性的影响是重要的，即使研究区域是水平的，并覆盖着密集的道路网络。结果表明，Natura 2000森林或更广泛的多功能森林的成本效益CWD管理计划应阻止伴随木材采伐的一些做法（例如，破碎老化的CWD），促进积极影响CWD的做法（例如，不采伐低价值木材），并留出小面积以加速CWD保留。这些事情应该在其影响不太可能逆转的地方进行，即，在林业车辆难以进入和远离人类住区的地点。
Much is known about the minimum thresholds for dead wood that would ensure the persistence of saproxylic organisms and maintain the overall biodiversity of forest ecosystems, but reaching those thresholds is still a challenge in forests where nature conservation is not the sole goal (e.g., Natura 2000 forests managed for timber). Understanding what determines the quantity and quality of dead wood in managed forests is a prerequisite for developing methods to increase its retention without decreasing a forest’s production. We surveyed the volume, number, stage of decay, and species identity of standing and lying coarse woody debris (CWD) in 183 stands in a complex of lowland Natura 2000 forests in southern Poland, and then determined the relationships between these parameters and tree stand structure, intensity of previous silviculture interventions, accessibility of terrain, and local community impact. CWD volume varied from 0.1 to 66.3 m3ha−1(average 6.9 m3ha−1), which is up to several times less than the recommended thresholds. Large-sized CWD and CWD of species known to support rich communities of saproxylic organisms (e.g.,Carpinus betulus) were clearly underrepresented. Wood of economically less valuable species was often left in the forest, which boosted the diversity of CWD microhabitats. CWD quantity and quality was significantly shaped by both natural and human-related factors. Among the latter, harvesting intensity and proximity to human settlements affected CWD negatively, while terrain-related difficulties (distance to roads, watercourse density) affected it positively. Surprisingly, the site accessibility effect was important even though the studied area is level and covered by a dense road network. The results suggest that cost-effective CWD management plans for Natura 2000 forests, or, more broadly, multifunctional forests, should discourage some practices accompanying timber harvesting (e.g., fragmenting of pieces of aged CWD), promote practices that positively affect CWD (e.g., not harvesting low-value timber), and set aside small areas to accelerate CWD retention. These things should be done wherever their effects are unlikely to be reversed, i.e., at sites difficult for forestry vehicles to access and away from human settlements.