From Guild to Interest Group: The Transformation of Public and Private in Late Qing China
From Guild to Interest Group: The Transformation of Public and Private in Late Qing China
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从行会到利益集团：晚清中国公私的变迁
DOI：
10.1017/s0010417500010641
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发表时间：
1983
影响因子：
0.7
通讯作者：
Joseph Fewsmith
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Joseph Fewsmith
这样或那样的自愿社团显然是中国传统社会的重要组成部分。它们对经济的重要性早已得到承认，它们潜在的政治功效也得到了政府的承认——尽管是负面的——政府禁止士绅组建学社。较早一代的西方观察家很快注意到了中国人生活的这一方面。法国社会科学家莫里斯·科朗（Maurice Courant）宣称，“在中国人的生活中占据主导地位的事实是社团的存在”，e·t·c·维尔纳（E. T. C. Werner）则以一种不那么学术的口吻评论说，“中国人倾向于集体行动，而不是单独行动。”早在1803年，美国传教士s·威尔斯·威廉姆斯就以一种让人想起托克维尔的方式观察到，中国人“凝结成社团”的自然倾向提供了一种“活动的刺激”，他认为这种刺激“加速了群众的活力”。
Voluntary associations of one sort or another were clearly an important component of traditional Chinese society. Their importance for the economy has long been recognized, and their potential political efficacy was acknowledged—albeit negatively—by the government, which prohibited gentry from forming study associations (xuehui). An earlier generation of Western observers was quick to note this facet of Chinese life. The French social scientist, Maurice Courant, declared that “the fact that dominates the Chinese life is the existence of associations,” and E. T. C. Werner, in a less scholarly vein, commented on “the tendency of the Chinese to act not singly but in groups.” As early as 1803, the American missionary S. Wells Williams had observed in a manner reminiscent of Tocqueville that the natural tendency of the Chinese people to “crystallize into associations” provided a “stimulus to activity,” which he credited with “quickening the vitality of the mass.”