Chronic stress, allostatic load, and aging in nonhuman primates.
Chronic stress, allostatic load, and aging in nonhuman primates.
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DOI：
10.1017/s0954579411000551
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发表时间：
2011-11
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Hoffman CL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Maestripieri D;Hoffman CL
适应负荷是机体对慢性应激反应的代偿性生理机制的反复激活所引起的“磨损”。适应负荷可以显著影响衰老过程，导致寿命缩短、衰老加速和健康受损。虽然低社会经济地位与衰老过程中的高适应负荷有关，但与社会经济地位相关的社会心理压力对适应负荷的影响往往与生活方式变量相混淆。在非人类灵长类动物中，与低优势等级相关的慢性社会心理压力是研究人类适应负荷和衰老的一个很好的动物模型。对自由放养的恒河猴进行的研究表明，雌性繁殖也可能是压力和适应负荷的来源。女性生殖与死亡风险增加和下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴的过度激活有关。对于地位低下的老年女性来说，生育的压力和成本尤其高。虽然许多身体状况指标、神经内分泌和免疫功能都受到衰老的影响，但衰老女性在身体状况、血浆皮质醇对应激的反应、细胞因子对应激的反应等方面存在显著而稳定的个体差异。这些差异与个体之间的慢性压力存在很大差异的假设是一致的，并且由慢性压力引起的适应负荷会影响衰老过程中的健康。比较圈养和自由放养的恒河猴种群可以让我们了解环境压力和适应负荷的差异如何影响衰老速度，以及这些差异如何反过来转化为寿命和健康的差异。
Allostatic load is the “wear and tear” of the body resulting from the repeated activation of compensatory physiological mechanisms in response to chronic stress. Allostatic load can significantly affect the aging process and result in reduced longevity, accelerated aging, and impaired health. Although low socioeconomic status is associated with high allostatic load during aging, the effects of status-related psychosocial stress on allostatic load are often confounded by lifestyle variables. Chronic psychosocial stress associated with low dominance rank in nonhuman primates represents an excellent animal model with which to investigate allostatic load and aging in humans. Research conducted with free-ranging rhesus monkeys suggests that female reproduction can also be a source of stress and allostatic load. Female reproduction is associated with increased risk of mortality and hyperactivation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Reproduction is especially stressful and costly for aging females of low rank. Although many indicators of body condition and neuroendocrine and immune function are influenced by aging, there are marked and stable individual differences among aging females in body condition, plasma cortisol responses to stress, and cytokine responses to stress. These differences are consistent with the hypothesis that there are strong differences in chronic stress among individuals, and that allostatic load resulting from chronic stress affects health during aging. Comparisons between captive and free-ranging rhesus monkey populations may allow us to understand how differences in environmental stress and allostatic load affect rates of aging, and how these in turn translate into differences in longevity and health.