A New Approach to the Hazard Classification of Alloys Based on Transformation/Dissolution
A New Approach to the Hazard Classification of Alloys Based on Transformation/Dissolution
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基于转变/溶解的合金危害分类的新方法
DOI：
10.1897/ieam_2007-050.1
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发表时间：
2008
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
P. King
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Skeaff;D. J. Hardy;P. King
为商业应用而生产的大多数金属以合金的形式投入使用，这些金属与商业中的金属和所有其他化学品一起，受到目前在全球许多管辖区实施的危险识别和分类倡议的约束，包括欧盟化学品注册、评估、授权和限制（REACH）倡议，该倡议于2007年6月1日生效。这一举措对环境保护和市场准入具有重大影响。虽然最近制定的联合国关于全球统一危险分类和标签制度的指导文件提供了金属危险识别和分类的方法，但尚未制定合金的方法。在全球统一制度中，提供了一种金属和微溶金属化合物的转化/溶解规程，作为测量金属从含金属物质释放到水介质中的速度和程度的标准实验室方法。通过与生态毒性参考数据的比较，T/D数据可用于推导联合国全球统一制度分类提案。在这项研究中，我们首次将T/DP应用于几种经济上重要的金属和合金：铁粉，镍粉，铜粉，以及合金Fe-2Cu-0.6C（铜= 2%，碳= 0.6%），Fe-2Ni-0.6C，不锈钢304，蒙乃尔，黄铜，Inconel和镍银。铁粉和铜粉以及铁粉和镍粉经烧结后制成Fe-2 Me-0.6C（Me =铜或镍）合金，这使它们基本上不与水介质反应，因此它们不属于全球统一制度的类别，尽管其组成部分铜和镍金属粉末属于该类别。304不锈钢和因科镍合金中的铬形成一层保护性钝化膜，保护它们不与水介质反应，因此它们的金属释放量很小，不会导致GHS分类。对于其他合金，我们开发了一种新的临界表面积-毒性单位（CSA-TU）方法来推导其GHS分类建议。CSA-TU方法可以很容易地应用于其他多组分合金系统，而不需要任意选择几个特定的组成部分作为毒性的决定因素。本文介绍了如何监管义务，如那些由REACH规定，可以满足与实验室为基础的CSA-TU方法推导合金的危险分类建议，连接到随之而来的环境保护管理决策。利用从合金本身的实验室测试中获得的T/D数据，CSA-TU方法可用于对感兴趣的合金的危险分类建议建立科学合理的决策。由此产生的决定可以纳入欧洲联盟等管辖区的环境管理措施。基于专门为合金开发的方法，危险分类决策可以被视为相关的、可信的和保护环境的。由于合金通常比其成分更能抵抗化学侵蚀，这种办法大大改进了《全球统一制度》中规定的根据合金成分的分类等级计算合金危险分类等级的可能性。
ABSTRACT Most of the metals produced for commercial application enter into service as alloys which, together with metals and all other chemicals in commerce, are subject to a hazard identification and classification initiative now being implemented in a number of jurisdictions worldwide, including the European Union Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) initiative, effective 1 June 2007. This initiative has considerable implications for environmental protection and market access. While a method for the hazard identification and classification of metals is available in the recently developed United Nations (UN) guidance document on the Globally Harmonized System of Hazard Classification and Labelling (GHS), an approach for alloys has yet to be formulated. Within the GHS, a transformation/dissolution protocol (T/DP) for metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds is provided as a standard laboratory method for measuring the rate and extent of the release of metals into aqueous media from metal-bearing substances. By comparison with ecotoxicity reference data, T/D data can be used to derive UN GHS classification proposals. In this study we applied the T/DP for the 1st time to several economically important metals and alloys: iron powder, nickel powder, copper powder, and the alloys Fe–2Cu–0.6C (copper = 2%, carbon = 0.6%), Fe–2Ni–0.6C, Stainless Steel 304, Monel, brass, Inconel, and nickel–silver. The iron and copper powders and the iron and nickel powders had been sintered to produce the Fe–2Me–0.6C (Me = copper or nickel) alloys which made them essentially resistant to reaction with the aqueous media, so they would not classify under the GHS, although their component copper and nickel metal powders would. Forming a protective passivating film, chromium in the Stainless Steel 304 and Inconel alloys protected them from reaction with the aqueous media, so that their metal releases were minimal and would not result in GHS classification. For the other alloys, we developed a new critical surface area–toxic units (CSA-TU) approach to derive their GHS classification proposals. The CSA-TU approach can be readily applied to other multicomponent alloy systems, without the need to arbitrarily select a particular component among several as the determinant of toxicity. This paper shows how regulatory obligations, such as those mandated by REACH, can be met with a laboratory-based CSA-TU method for deriving hazard classification proposals for alloys, linking to attendant environmental protection management decisions. Drawing on T/D data derived from laboratory testing of the alloy itself, the CSA-TU approach can be applied to establish scientifically defensible decisions on hazard classification proposals for an alloy of interest. The resulting decisions can then be incorporated into environmental management measures in such jurisdictions as the European Union. Based on an approach developed specifically for alloys, the hazard classification decisions can be regarded as relevant, credible, and protective of the environment. Since alloys are usually more resistant to chemical attack than their components, this approach is a considerable improvement over the possibility provided for in the GHS of calculating a hazard classification level for an alloy from the classification levels of its components.