Monitoring Neonicotinoid Exposure for Bees in Rural and Peri-urban Areas of the U.K. during the Transition from Pre- to Post-moratorium.
Monitoring Neonicotinoid Exposure for Bees in Rural and Peri-urban Areas of the U.K. during the Transition from Pre- to Post-moratorium.
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DOI：
10.1021/acs.est.7b06573
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发表时间：
2018-06
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
E. Nicholls;C. Botías;E. Rotheray;P. Whitehorn;A. David;Robert E. Fowler;Thomas I. David;Hannah Feltham;J. Swain;Patricia J. Wells;E. Hill;J. Osborne;D. Goulson
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作者：
E. Nicholls;C. Botías;E. Rotheray;P. Whitehorn;A. David;Robert E. Fowler;Thomas I. David;Hannah Feltham;J. Swain;Patricia J. Wells;E. Hill;J. Osborne;D. Goulson
对新烟碱暴露对蜜蜂种群的影响的担忧最近导致欧盟范围内暂停在开花作物上使用某些新烟碱。目前，关于禁令对蜜蜂暴露的影响(如果有的话)的证据有限。我们从英国三个地区：斯特林郡、赫特福德郡和苏塞克斯的农村和城市周边栖息地的熊蜂群落采集了花粉和花蜜。在三年的时间里对菌落进行了抽样：禁令之前(2013年)、在一些经过种子处理的冬播油菜仍在种植期间的初步实施期间(2014年)和禁令之后(2015年)。为了比较物种水平的差异，仅在2014年，农村栖息地的蜜蜂群体也进行了抽样。超过一半的样本被发现受到污染(n=408)，其中甲氧西林是在蜜蜂中检测到的最高浓度的化合物-(2014年，花蜜中的≤中位数为2.29 ng/g，n=79)；大黄蜂采集的花粉和花蜜中的化合物(2013年，中位数≤为0.12 ng/g，n=76)。2014年，蜜蜂接触到的新烟碱浓度高于大黄蜂。虽然在禁令(2015年)后，农村大黄蜂接触新烟碱的风险有所下降，这表明禁令的积极影响，但2013年至2015年期间，城市周边栖息地的大黄蜂接触新烟碱的风险基本保持不变。
Concerns regarding the impact of neonicotinoid exposure on bee populations recently led to an EU-wide moratorium on the use of certain neonicotinoids on flowering crops. Currently, evidence regarding the impact, if any, the moratorium has had on bees' exposure is limited. We sampled pollen and nectar from bumblebee colonies in rural and peri-urban habitats in three U.K. regions: Stirlingshire, Hertfordshire, and Sussex. Colonies were sampled over three years: prior to the ban (2013), during the initial implementation when some seed-treated winter-sown oilseed rape was still grown (2014), and following the ban (2015). To compare species-level differences, in 2014 only, honeybee colonies in rural habitats were also sampled. Over half of all samples were found to be contaminated ( n = 408), with thiamethoxam being the compound detected at the highest concentrations in honeybee- (up to 2.29 ng/g in nectar in 2014, median ≤ 0.1 ng/g, n = 79) and bumblebee-collected pollen and nectar (up to 38.77 ng/g in pollen in 2013, median ≤ 0.12 ng/g, n = 76). Honeybees were exposed to higher concentrations of neonicotinoids than bumblebees in 2014. While neonicotinoid exposure for rural bumblebees declined post-ban (2015), suggesting a positive impact of the moratorium, the risk of neonicotinoid exposure for bumblebees in peri-urban habitats remained largely the same between 2013 and 2015.