Archaea and the human gut: New beginning of an old story
Archaea and the human gut: New beginning of an old story
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DOI：
10.3748/wjg.v20.i43.16062
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发表时间：
2014-11-21
影响因子：
4.3
通讯作者：
Brugere, Jean-Francois
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gaci, Nadia;Borrel, Guillaume;Brugere, Jean-Francois
自30多年前以来，通过检测呼吸中的甲烷并分离出属于甲烷细菌目的两种产甲烷物种，即史氏甲烷短杆菌和斯塔特曼甲烷球菌，产甲烷古菌被称为人类肠道居民。在过去的十年中，在人类胃肠道（GIT）中遇到的古细菌的多样性已经通过序列鉴定和新菌株的培养而扩展。在这里，我们提供了与人类GIT相关的古菌多样性及其在肠道生理学和健康中的可能作用的最新普查。我们特别关注的是仍然不太清楚的第7阶产甲烷菌，甲烷菌，与老年人口。虽然也主要分布在非GIT环境中，但我们对这种新的产甲烷菌的实际知识主要是通过GIT居民揭示的。它们将肠代谢物的最终电子受体的数量扩大为单、双和三甲胺。三甲胺仅是来自正常饮食的营养素（卵磷脂、胆碱、TMAO、L-肉毒碱）的微生物群衍生产物，其似乎通过其氧化的肝衍生形式的促动脉粥样硬化性质而起源于两种疾病，三甲基氨基尿症（或鱼味综合征）和心血管疾病。因此，这支持了对这些产甲烷物种及其作为古菌的用途的兴趣，古菌是从古菌衍生的益生菌的概念中创造的一个术语。(C)2014百世登出版集团股份有限公司All rights reserved.
Methanogenic archaea are known as human gut inhabitants since more than 30 years ago through the detection of methane in the breath and isolation of two methanogenic species belonging to the order Methanobacteriales, Methanobrevibacter smithii and Methanosphaera stadtmanae. During the last decade, diversity of archaea encountered in the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) has been extended by sequence identification and culturing of new strains. Here we provide an updated census of the archaeal diversity associated with the human GIT and their possible role in the gut physiology and health. We particularly focus on the still poorly characterized 7th order of methanogens, the Methanomassiliicoccales, associated to aged population. While also largely distributed in non-GIT environments, our actual knowledge on this novel order of methanogens has been mainly revealed through GIT inhabitants. They enlarge the number of final electron acceptors of the gut metabolites to mono- di- and trimethylamine. Trimethylamine is exclusively a microbiota-derived product of nutrients (lecithin, choline, TMAO, L-carnitine) from normal diet, from which seems originate two diseases, trimethylaminuria (or Fish-Odor Syndrome) and cardiovascular disease through the proatherogenic property of its oxidized liver-derived form. This therefore supports interest on these methanogenic species and its use as archaebiotics, a term coined from the notion of archaea-derived probiotics. (C) 2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.