History and Precedent in Environmental Design

History and Precedent in Environmental Design
复制标题

环境设计的历史和先例

DOI:
10.1007/978-1-4613-0571-2
复制
发表时间:
1990
影响因子:
5.7
通讯作者:
A. Rapoport
A. Rapoport
中科院分区:
心理学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
A. Rapoport

文献摘要

被引文献

相似文献

我的论点。1.什么的历史?环境历史的主题-细分领域。方法论意义。2 * 历史是什么?-走近历史-一些例子。对理论的影响- 3 * 什么历史?做个“科学家”方法的大致轮廓。艺术史和建筑史。艺术研究的变化:以岩石艺术为例。从艺术研究到建筑环境研究过去与现在的关系推论。-科学与历史中的推理均质假设。结论。-二、支持性论据4 * 支持论点1.-来自社会科学的支持论点。历史的支持论据。一些具体的,隐含的支持论点。明确的支持论点。从“历史”科学的支持论点。一般科学-宇宙学。-地球上的生命-生物与进化科学古生物学人类进化5 * 支持论点2:考古学/史前史。对认识论问题的有意识和明确的关注。重新定义领域。提出明确和明确的问题。明确性,严谨性,逻辑性,清晰性和精确性。客观。-严格的相互批评。自我纠正,累积,快速进步。需要一个经验基础。数据的处理-方法论的复杂性,多种方法和分类学。跨学科和多学科的方法。搜索模式。概括、解释和理论。控制类比的使用。预测。-理论的发展-模型和模型测试。推论。-一些例子。III案例研究:步行街。6 * 行人和设置。-环境行为研究。-行人行为。步行和设置。文学评论-第7章行人街道的感知特征:一般假设和特殊假设复杂性。显著差异。移动速度的影响。一般假设。具体的假设。第八章证据:样本与方法证据。样本。方法。数据。结论。案例研究的意义-数据显示了什么?数据是什么意思?案例研究的意义是什么?这本书作为一个整体的意义。参考资料。
I The Argument.- 1 * History of What?.- The Subject Matter of Environmental History.- Subdividing the Domain.- Methodological Implications.- 2 * History for What?.- Approaches to History.- Some Examples.- Implications for Theory.- 3 * What History?.- Being "Scientific".- Broad Outline of the Approach.- Art History and Architectural History.- Changes in the Study of Art: The Case of Rock Art.- From the Study of Art to the Study of the Built Environment.- The Relation between Past and Present.- Inference.- Inference in Science and History.- Uniformitarian Assumptions.- Conclusion.- II The Supporting Arguments.- 4 * Supporting Argument 1.- The Supporting Argument from the Social Sciences.- The Supporting Argument from History.- Some Specific, Implicit Supporting Arguments.- Explicit Supporting Arguments.- The Supporting Argument from the "Historical" Sciences.- Science in General.- Cosmology.- Life on Earth-The Biological and Evolutionary Sciences.- Paleontology.- Human Evolution.- 5 * Supporting Argument 2: Archaeology/Prehistory.- A Conscious and Explicit Concern with Epistemological Issues.- Redefining the Domain.- Posing Clear and Explicit Questions.- Explicitness, Rigor, Logic, Clarity, and Precision.- Objectivity.- Rigorous Mutual Criticism.- Self-Correction, Cumulativeness, and Rapid Progress.- Need for an Empirical Base.- The Handling of Data.- Methodological Sophistication, Multiple Methods, and Taxonomy.- Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Approaches.- Search for Pattern.- Generalization, Explanation, and Theory.- Controlled Use of Analogies.- Prediction.- The Development of Theory.- Models and Model Testing.- Inference.- Some Examples.- III Case Study: Pedestrian Streets.- 6 * Pedestrians and Settings.- Environment-Behavior Studies.- Pedestrian Behavior.- Walking and Settings.- Literature Review.- 7 * The Perceptual Characteristics of Pedestrian Streets: The General and Specific Hypotheses.- Complexity.- Noticeable Differences.- Effects of Speed of Movement.- The General Hypothesis.- The Specific Hypotheses.- 8 * The Evidence: The Sample and the Method.- The Evidence.- The Sample.- The Method.- The Data.- Conclusion.- Implications of the Case Study.- What Do the Data Show?.- What Do the Data Mean?.- What Are the Implications of the Case Study?.- Implications of the Book as a Whole.- References.