Natural history of Bartonella infections (an exception to Koch's postulate)
Natural history of Bartonella infections (an exception to Koch's postulate)
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DOI：
10.1128/cdli.9.1.8-18.2002
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发表时间：
2002-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Raoult, D
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Jacomo, V;Kelly, PJ;Raoult, D
“我曾多次使用确保这些生物体不会被忽视的方法检查正常血液和正常组织，但我从未在一个案例中发现细菌。因此，我得出结论，细菌不会出现在健康动物或人类的血液或组织中。Koch，1878 [12]）。"在Coaquet（秘鲁）是一种传染病的起源，这种传染病使他们长满了疣，使他们受苦，使他们筋疲力尽。这些疣，就像遍布全身的泡泡，可能有鸡蛋那么大，最后分裂。血液和其他物质随之流出"（Pedro Pizarro，1571 [作者对巴尔通体病第一次描述的翻译]）。巴尔通体属包含许多最近描述的物种，其中许多是新的和新兴的人类病原体。直到1990年，只有两种疾病被认为是由巴尔通体引起的：由杆状巴尔通体引起的卡里翁病和由B引起的战壕热。quintana（47）.最近，B。昆塔纳还与无家可归者的心内膜炎和菌血症有关（29，91），并与杆菌性血管瘤病（BA）有关，后者于1983年首次被描述（51，52，82，93），是一种与艾滋病有关的疾病。然而，BA的另一个重要原因是B。henselae（81）.这种微生物与B密切相关。1990年通过细菌16S rRNA基因的PCR扩增首次鉴定出quintana（82），并于1992年被鉴定为一个新种（77）。B。现在已知汉赛氏菌在免疫活性和免疫功能低下的患者中引起许多其它临床综合征。包括猫抓病（CSD）、肝炎性紫癜（74）、复发性菌血症伴发热和心内膜炎（39，42）。其他巴尔通体物种最近被认为是人类病原体。B。clarridgeiae可能是CSD（56），B. elizabethae（24，75）和B.温氏亚种伯克霍菲菌可能会导致心内膜炎（85），B。温氏亚种arupensis曾在一名发热和瓣膜病患者中发现（97），而B。grahamii可能导致葡萄膜炎（49）。人们通常会偶然感染巴尔通体，因为这些生物通常存在于巴尔通体的宿主中，其中包括与人密切接触的动物，如猫和狗。巴尔通体属是独特的，因为它与哺乳动物储库宿主有这种特异性联系，在这种情况下，它们引起慢性菌血症，没有或很少有症状。这与现有的前提相反，即健康个体的血液培养物
“I have, on many occasions, examined normal blood and normal tissues using methods that ensure that such organisms are not overlooked, and I have never, in a single instance, found bacteria. I therefore conclude that bacteria do not occur in the blood or tissues of healthy animals or humans”(R. Koch, 1878 [12]).“In Coaquet (Peru) was the origin of an infectious disease which covered them with warts, made them suffer and exhausted them. These warts, like bubons all over the body could be of the size of an egg and finish by spliting. Blood and other substances then came out”(Pedro Pizarro, 1571 [authors’ translation of the first description of bartonellosis]). The genus Bartonella contains numerous recently described species, many of which are new and emerging human pathogens. Until 1990, only two diseases were recognized to be caused by Bartonella species: Carrión’s disease, due to Bartonella bacilliformis, and trench fever, due to B. quintana (47). More recently, B. quintana has also been associated with endocarditis and bacteremia in homeless people (29, 91) and with bacillary angiomatosis (BA), which was first described in 1983 (51, 52, 82, 93) and which is an AIDS-related disease. Another important cause of BA, however, is B. henselae (81). This organism is closely related to B. quintana and was first identified in 1990 by PCR amplification of the gene for bacterial 16S rRNA (82) and characterized as a new species in 1992 (77). B. henselae is now known to cause a number of other clinical syndromes in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. These include cat scratch disease (CSD), peliosis hepatis (74), relapsing bacteremia with fever, and endocarditis (39, 42). Other Bartonella species have recently been implicated as human pathogens. B. clarridgeiae is possibly another agent of CSD (56), B. elizabethae (24, 75) and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii may cause endocarditis (85), B. vinsonii subsp. arupensis has been found in a patient with fever and a valvulopathy (97), and B. grahamii may cause uveitis (49). People usually become infected with Bartonella species incidentally, as the organisms are normally found in the reservoir hosts of Bartonella species, which include animals such as cats and dogs that live in close contact with people. The Bartonella species are unique because of this specific association with mammalian reservoir hosts, in which they cause chronic bacteremia with no or few symptoms. This is contrary to the existing premise that cultures of blood from healthy individuals