Human Exposure to Decabromodiphenyl Ether, Tetrabromobisphenol A, and Decabromodiphenyl Ethane in Indoor Dust
Human Exposure to Decabromodiphenyl Ether, Tetrabromobisphenol A, and Decabromodiphenyl Ethane in Indoor Dust
复制标题
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
C. Boyce;Sonja N. Sax;D. Dodge;Margaret C. Pollock;J. Goodman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
C. Boyce;Sonja N. Sax;D. Dodge;Margaret C. Pollock;J. Goodman
本文探讨了从室内粉尘中定量摄入选定的阻燃剂(FR)的努力，重点是十溴二苯醚(BDE-209)、四溴双酚A(TBBPA)和十溴二苯乙烷(DeBDethane)。在回顾了通过室内粉尘和可用的暴露估计来评估人类暴露于FRS的方法之后，我们基于概率暴露评估框架，提出了在住宅环境中通过偶然摄取和皮肤接触对人类暴露于室内粉尘的定量估计。据估计，BDE-209的平均每日摄入量幼儿为2.2至451纳克/公斤·天，成人为0.26至54纳克/公斤·天。根据TBBPA和DeBDethane各自的单一研究数据，估计TBBPA的平均每日摄入量儿童为0.26 ng/kg-day，成人为0.03 ng/kg-day，而DeBDethane的相应估计数为0.99 ng/kg-day，成人为0.11 ng/kg-day。这些结果支持了先前的评估，即偶然的土壤/粉尘摄入是与联合暴露途径相关的室内粉尘暴露总量的主要因素(占联合暴露途径的60%到几乎90%)。本文还回顾了暴露估计中的重要不确定性来源，以及制定更严格的暴露估计所需的额外研究，例如更准确地描述室内粉尘暴露的暴露参数，解决特定FR化合物和暴露设置的数据差距的研究，以及开发更标准化的采样和分析方案。
This paper explores efforts that have been made to quantify the intake of selected flame retardants (FRs) from indoor dust, focusing on decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DeBDethane). After reviewing approaches used to evaluate human exposures to FRs via indoor dust and available exposure estimates, we present quantitative estimates of human exposures to indoor dust via incidental ingestion and dermal contact in a residential setting based on a probabilistic exposure assessment framework. Average daily intake estimates for BDE-209 ranged from 2.2 to 451 ng/kg-day for young children and from 0.26 to 54 ng/kg-day for adults. Based on data from a single study each for TBBPA and DeBDethane, the average daily intake for TBBPA was estimated to be 0.26 ng/kg-day in children and 0.03 ng/kg-day in adults, while the corresponding estimates for DeBDethane were 0.99 ng/kg-day for children and 0.11 ng/kg-day in adults. These results support previous evaluations pointing to incidental soil/dust ingestion as the primary contributor to the total indoor dust exposures associated with the combined exposure pathways (constituting 60 to almost 90% of the combined exposures). This paper also reviews important sources of uncertainty in the exposure estimates and additional research needed to develop more rigorous exposure estimates, such as more accurate characterization of exposure parameters for indoor dust exposures, studies to address data gaps for specific FR compounds and exposure settings, and development of more standardized sampling and analysis protocols.