Effect of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) infection on physiology, metabolism, immunity, and growth of Penaeus vannamei
Effect of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) infection on physiology, metabolism, immunity, and growth of Penaeus vannamei
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DOI：
10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738105
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发表时间：
2022-03-10
期刊：
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Jithendran, K. P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kumar, T. Sathish;Praveena, P. Ezhil;Jithendran, K. P.
对虾肝疏肠细胞虫（Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei，EHP）是一种对虾微孢子虫，近年来对对虾养殖业造成了严重威胁。这种细胞内微孢子虫的靶器官是虾肝胰腺（HP），因此，由EHP引起的疾病被命名为肝胰腺微孢子虫病（HPM）。肝胰腺（HP）是人体最重要的消化腺，负责分泌、消化、吸收、贮存和代谢。在这项研究中，EHP挑战虾饲养长达90天，同时调查了消化，生理，免疫和生长反应在不同的时间间隔，并与对照组相比。组织学显示，在激发组中，HP小管和上皮细胞严重坏死，EHP发育阶段，上皮细胞质和HP小管腔中存在成熟孢子。消化酶α-淀粉酶和脂肪酶在EHP攻击组显著降低（P < 0.05）。EHP攻击组的甘油三酯（TG）、总蛋白（TP）、胆固醇（CL）、葡萄糖（GL）和丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）等代谢指标显著降低（P < 0.05）。EHP感染显著（P < 0.05）影响非特异性免疫反应，使碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、γ-谷氨酰转移酶（GGT）、总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、超氧阴离子（SOA）、酚氧化酶（PO）和总血细胞数（THC）降低。90天后，激发动物的生长仅为12.17 +/- 0.80 g，而对照组为19.27 +/- 0.5 g。攻毒动物的平均日增重为96.72 +/- 10.2 mg，对照组为175.34 +/- 5.9 mg。攻毒组的FCR为3.01 +/- 0.29，而对照组为1.64 +/- 0.05。然而，虾（71.1%）生存EHP感染90天。因此，EHP对HP造成的严重损害影响了HP的分泌、消化、吸收和储存过程。这些影响影响了生理、脂质代谢、碳水化合物代谢、免疫系统，并导致摄食量减少、饲料转化率升高和生长迟缓。总之，EHP感染不会引起对虾的大量死亡，但会显著延缓对虾的生长，从而增加生产成本，造成严重的经济损失。
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), the shrimp microsporidian, has been a serious threat to the shrimp aqua culture industry in recent years. The target organ for this intracellular microsporidian is shrimp hepatopancreas (HP); henceforth, the disease caused by EHP is named as hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis (HPM). The hepatopancreas (HP) is the most important digestive gland responsible for secretion, digestion, absorption, storage, and metabolism. In this study, EHP challenged shrimp were reared up to 90 days and simultaneously investigated for digestive, physiology, immune, and growth responses at different time intervals and compared to control. Histology revealed severe necrotic HP tubules and epithelial cells, EHP developmental stages, and mature spores in epithelial cytoplasm and HP tubule lumen in the challenged group. The digestive enzymes alpha-amylase and lipase were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in the EHP challenged group. The metabolic variables such as triglycerides (TG), total protein (TP), cholesterol (CL), glucose (GL), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were significantly (P < 0.05) low in EHP challenged group. EHP infection significantly (P < 0.05) affected the nonspecific immune response by decreasing the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), catalase (CAT), gamma- glutamyl transferase (GGT), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide anion (SOA), phenoloxidase (PO), and total hemocyte count (THC). After 90 days, the growth of challenged animals was only 12.17 +/- 0.80 g, while control was 19.27 +/- 0.5 g. The average daily weight gain of challenged animals was 96.72 +/- 10.2 mg, and the control was 175.34 +/- 5.9 mg. The FCR of the challenged group was 3.01 +/- 0.29, whereas the control was 1.64 +/- 0.05. However, shrimp (71.1%) survive EHP infection for 90 days. Thus, the severe damage caused by EHP in HP affected the secretion, digestion, absorption, and storage processes. These repercussions affected the physiology, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, immune system and caused reduced feed consumption, elevated FCR, and growth retardation. In conclusion, EHP infection did not cause mass mortality but significantly retard the shrimp's growth, thereby increasing the production cost and resulting in severe economic losses in shrimp farms.