Who launched what, when and why; trends in global land-cover observation capacity from civilian earth observation satellites
Who launched what, when and why; trends in global land-cover observation capacity from civilian earth observation satellites
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DOI：
10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.03.009
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发表时间：
2015-05-01
影响因子：
12.7
通讯作者：
Skoien, Jon O.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Belward, Alan S.;Skoien, Jon O.
本文介绍了民用和/或商业控制下具有收集全球土地覆盖观测潜力的卫星概要。由此我们表明，越来越多的主权国家正在获得基于空间的土地覆盖观测的能力，并表明所有权的地缘政治模式正在如何变化。我们讨论了随着发射率和任务寿命的增加，任何时候飞行的卫星数量如何变化，以及它们收集的数据的空间分辨率如何变化。第一颗此类卫星由美国于 1972 年发射。此后，其他 33 个主权国家和地缘政治集团的政府和/或私人实体选择资助此类任务，并已成功发射了 197 颗具有全球土地覆盖观测能力的卫星。其中 98 颗截至 2013 年底仍在运行。自 2013 年代以来，此类任务在发射后 3 年内失败的数量已从约 60% 下降至不到 20%，任务的平均运行寿命几乎增加了两倍，从 1970 年代的 3.3 年增加到 8.6 年（仍在延长），每年/每十年发射的平均卫星数量从 2 颗增加到12 空间分辨率从80 m左右提高到1 m以下 多光谱，全色小于半米；合成孔径雷达的分辨率也有所下降，从 1970 年代的 25 m 下降到 2007 年后的 1 m。更多国家的更多人能够以比以往更大范围的空间分辨率获取全球土地覆盖观测星载任务的数据。我们提供了此类任务的概要，分析了这些变化，并展示了创新、安全数据供应的需求、民族自豪感、成本下降和技术进步如何支撑我们记录的趋势。 (C) 2014 年国际摄影测量与遥感协会 (ISPRS) 由 Elsevier B.V 出版。保留所有权利。
This paper presents a compendium of satellites under civilian and/or commercial control with the potential to gather global land-cover observations. From this we show that a growing number of sovereign states are acquiring capacity for space based land-cover observations and show how geopolitical patterns of ownership are changing. We discuss how the number of satellites flying at any time has progressed as a function of increased launch rates and mission longevity, and how the spatial resolutions of the data they collect has evolved. The first such satellite was launched by the USA in 1972. Since then government and/or private entities in 33 other sovereign states and geopolitical groups have chosen to finance such missions and 197 individual satellites with a global land-cover observing capacity have been successfully launched. Of these 98 were still operating at the end of 2013. Since the 1970s the number of such missions failing within 3 years of launch has dropped from around 60% to less than 20%, the average operational life of a mission has almost tripled, increasing from 3.3 years in the 1970s to 8.6 years (and still lengthening), the average number of satellites launched per-year/per-decade has increased from 2 to 12 and spatial resolution increased from around 80 m to less than 1 m multispectral and less than half a meter for panchromatic; synthetic aperture radar resolution has also fallen, from 25 m in the 1970s to 1 m post 2007. More people in more countries have access to data from global land-cover observing spaceborne missions at a greater range of spatial resolutions than ever before. We provide a compendium of such missions, analyze the changes and shows how innovation, the need for secure data-supply, national pride, falling costs and technological advances may underpin the trends we document. (C) 2014 International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Inc. (ISPRS) Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.