Charging of Electric Vehicles: Technology and Policy Implications
Charging of Electric Vehicles: Technology and Policy Implications
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发表时间：
2015
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通讯作者：
P. Bansal
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作者：
P. Bansal
执行摘要：电动汽车（EV）正在迅速成为汽车技术的先驱。电动汽车有可能帮助减少对化石燃料的依赖，从而减少交通排放对气候变化的未来影响。本文旨在回答移动汽车如何实现无线充电以及建立该基础设施的成本问题，并提出相应的政策建议。美国电动汽车市场正在快速增长，如果目前的增长率继续下去，它可能成为全球主导市场。本文讨论了以下问题：（i）电动汽车技术的现行做法，与建立电动汽车充电站相关的成本，以及目前正在使用的各种电动汽车供电设备（EVSE）;（ii）与建立各种类型的充电站相关的各种资本、基础设施和运营成本;（iii）无线充电技术的概念，以及如何在静态和动态条件下使用该技术;（iv）目前正在研究的各种无线充电技术，以及对其实施的政策建议。本文详细概述了美国现有的公共和住宅充电基础设施。它还提供了一个基于数据的成本效益分析的插件充电，无线充电和无线充电的运动电动汽车的使用不同的场景。考虑到了各种因素，如电力成本、基础设施成本和总体寿命成本。它还比较了主要用于插电式电动汽车（PEV）充电的两种充电方法（插电式与无线充电），并得出结论，这两种方法的充电成本相当，因此无线充电及其附加优势可以成为插电式充电的有益替代品。这可以通过政府行动建立有针对性的补贴或税收抵免计划来实现。它还研究了电动汽车动态无线充电的新概念（即在运动中充电），并得出结论，建立这种基础设施的成本将低于公共充电站的成本。最近的情况下，无线充电已付诸实践，另外审查。本文还比较了公共收费的使用时间（ToU）费率和基于能源的费率及其影响，以及可以在美国制定最佳结果的政策。已经简要讨论了在测试基础上实施无线充电的一些情况。它还讨论了人们对电动汽车基础设施的一些常见误解，以及它们如何成为消费者采用电动汽车的障碍。本文概述了如何应用不同的市场机制来成功和大规模采用电动汽车。阐述了联邦为电动汽车基础设施的发展制定的政策以及联邦资助减少的一些可能原因。它还深入了解了主要石油公司对国会的游说如何对电动汽车基础设施的发展产生负面影响。
Executive Summary: Electric Vehicles (EVs) are rapidly becoming the forerunners in vehicle technology. EVs have the potential to help reduce dependence on fossil fuels and thus reduce the future impact of transportation emissions on climate change. This paper aims to answer the questions of how a moving car can be wirelessly charged and what costs will be incurred in establishing this infrastructure, with corresponding policy suggestions. The EV market is growing at a rapid pace in the US and if the current rates of growth continue it could be a globally dominant market. This paper addresses the following: (i) current practices in EV technology, costs associated with setting up of EV charging stations, and the various kinds of Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) currently being used; (ii) various capital, infrastructural, and operating costs associated with setting up of various types of charging stations; (iii) the concept of wireless charging technology and how it can be utilized in stationary and dynamic conditions; (iv) the various kinds of wireless charging technologies that are currently being investigated with policy recommendations for their implementation. This paper gives a detailed overview of the public and residential charging infrastructure available in the United States. It also provides a data-based cost-benefit analysis of plug-in charging, wireless charging, and wireless charging in motion of EV’s using different scenarios. A variety of factors have been taken into account such as the cost of electricity, the cost of infrastructure, and overall lifetime costs. It also compares the two charging methods (plug-in vs. wireless charging) primarily used for charging of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) and reaches a conclusion that the cost of charging in both methods is comparable and thus wireless charging, with its added benefits, can be a beneficial replacement for plug-in charging. This may be accomplished through establishing a targeted subsidy or tax credit program through government action. It also looks into the novel concept of Dynamic Wireless charging of electric vehicles (i.e. charging in motion) and reaches a conclusion that the costs for building such an infrastructure would be less than the costs of a public charging station. Recent cases in which wireless electric charging has been put into practice are additionally reviewed. The paper also gives a comparison of the time-of-use (ToU) rates and energy-based rates for public charging and its implications and the policies that can be formulated for best outcomes in the US. Some of the cases where wireless charging has been implemented on a test basis have been discussed briefly. It also discusses some of the common misconceptions people have about electric vehicle infrastructure and how they become a hindrance to the consumer adoption of EVs. The paper gives an overview of how different market-based mechanisms can be applied for a successful and mass adoption of EVs. Federal polices formulated for growth of EV infrastructure and some possible reasons for decrease in federal funding have been stated. It also gives an insight into how lobbying of Congress by major oil companies have had a negative impact on development of EV infrastructure.