Exploring genomes in agriculture and food science.
Exploring genomes in agriculture and food science.
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探索农业和食品科学中的基因组。
DOI：
10.1017/s0007114507691624
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发表时间：
2007
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Whitfield P
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Whitfield P
食品的生产、加工和交付给消费者的方式是全世界农业和工业关注的问题。更有效地生产营养食品的愿望导致营养科学中越来越多地使用先进的分子技术（van der Werf 等，2001）。这一研究领域可以被认为属于新兴的营养基因组学科学。虽然营养基因组学的重点一直是人类健康（Stover，2004），但其用途现在开始超出人类系统的研究范围，包括农业和食品科学。基因组测序项目的出现支撑了营养基因组学领域取得的重大进展，导致可用遗传信息的爆炸式增长。基因组学涉及生物体中基因及其功能的研究。它旨在了解基因组的结构，包括基因图谱和 DNA 测序。然而，认识到基因组序列无法解释许多生物过程的基本性质，导致了后基因组策略（转录组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学）的发展，旨在将基因表达与表型结果联系起来。转录组学在特定时间和一组条件下同时监测数千个基因的表达水平，并允许对 mRNA 群体进行表征。 DNA 微阵列和相关技术等高通量平台的发展促进了这种在全球范围内确定基因表达的能力。蛋白质组学补充和扩展了基因组和转录数据的研究，反映了遗传信息的真实生化结果。蛋白质组学可以定义为在给定时间和给定条件下对细胞、组织或生物体的蛋白质成分的研究（Wilkins et al. 1995），并且已经从简单的蛋白质鉴定发展到与蛋白质定量和蛋白质组动力学有关的研究。蛋白质组分析需要高效、严格的分离技术和高分辨率 MS 的结合。
The way in which food is produced, processed and delivered to the consumer is the concern of farming and industry worldwide. The desire to produce nutritious food more efficiently has led to the increasing use of advanced molecular technologies in nutritional sciences (van der Werf et al. 2001). This area of research can be considered to fall within the emerging science of nutritional genomics. Whilst the focus of nutritional genomics has been human health (Stover, 2004), its utility is now beginning to extend beyond the study of human systems to include agriculture and food science. The significant advances made within the field of nutritional genomics have been underpinned by the advent of genome sequencing projects, which has led to an explosion of available genetic information. Genomics involves the study of genes and their functions in an organism. It aims to understand the structure of the genome, including the mapping of genes and the sequencing of DNA. However, the realisation that the genome sequence fails to explain the fundamental nature of many biological processes has led to the development of post-genomic strategies (transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics) aimed at relating gene expression to phenotypic outcome.Transcriptomics monitors the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously at a specific time and set of conditions and permits the characterisation of mRNA populations. This ability to determine gene expression on a global scale has been facilitated by the development of high-throughput platforms such as DNA microarrays and related technologies. Proteomics complements and extends the study of genomes and transcript data, reflecting the true biochemical outcome of genetic information. Proteomics may be defined as the study of the protein component of a cell, tissue or organism at a given time under given conditions (Wilkins et al. 1995) and has progressed from the simple identification of proteins to studies that are concerned with protein quantification and proteome dynamics. Proteomic analyses require a combination of efficient and stringent separation technologies and highresolution MS.