Long-term organic farming fosters below and aboveground biota:: Implications for soil quality, biological control and productivity
Long-term organic farming fosters below and aboveground biota:: Implications for soil quality, biological control and productivity
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DOI：
10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.05.007
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发表时间：
2008-09-01
影响因子：
9.7
通讯作者：
Scheu, Stefan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Birkhofer, Klaus;Bezemer, T. Martijn;Scheu, Stefan
有机农业可通过改善土壤质量和虫害防治，从而减少传统农业对环境的影响，为全球未来的农业生产做出重大贡献。我们调查了一个全面的土壤化学，以及两个有机和两个传统的小麦种植系统，主要是不同的施肥和杂草管理策略的地下和地上生物参数。对比分析确定了“无除草剂”的生物有机（BIOORG）和生物动力（BIODYN）系统和传统系统（CONFYM）或不施肥（CONMIN）和除草剂的应用在长期农业实验（DOK试验，瑞士）管理相关的差异。土壤碳含量显着较高的系统接受农家肥和伴随着微生物生物量（真菌和细菌）增加。微生物活性参数，如微生物基础呼吸和氮矿化，表现出相反的模式，表明在常规系统（CONFYM）的土壤碳更容易获得的微生物比在有机系统。食菌线虫和蚯蚓是最丰富的系统，收到农家肥，这是符合他们的潜在食物来源（微生物和有机质）的反应。施用矿物肥料对食心虫和双翅目幼虫的生长有抑制作用，而对蚜虫则有促进作用。蜘蛛丰度有利于有机管理，最有可能的反应，以增加猎物的地下子系统或增加杂草覆盖。与大多数土壤为基础的，自下而上控制的相互作用，两倍高丰度的这一通才捕食者组在有机系统中可能有助于显着较低丰度的地上食草害虫（蚜虫）在这些系统中。长期的有机耕作和施用农家肥提高了土壤质量、微生物生物量，培养了天敌和生态系统工程师，这表明加强了养分循环和害虫控制。相比之下，矿物肥料和除草剂的应用，影响了自上而下控制地上害虫的潜力，并降低了有机碳水平。我们的研究表明，使用合成肥料和除草剂改变了地下和地上成分之间的相互作用，最终通过减少内部生物循环和害虫控制来促进农业对环境的负面影响。相反，有机农业培养微生物和动物分解者，这通过通才捕食者传播到地上系统，从而增加保护生物控制。然而，在接受矿物肥料和除草剂的系统中，谷物和秸秆产量高出23%，反映了生产力和环境责任之间的权衡。(C)2008爱思唯尔有限公司保留所有权利。
Organic farming may contribute substantially to future agricultural production worldwide by improving soil quality and pest control, thereby reducing environmental impacts of conventional farming. We investigated in a comprehensive way soil chemical, as well as below and aboveground biological parameters of two organic and two conventional wheat farming systems that primarily differed in fertilization and weed management strategies. Contrast analyses identified management related differences between "herbicide-free" bioorganic (BIOORG) and biodynamic (BIODYN) systems and conventional systems with (CONFYM) or without manure (CONMIN) and herbicide application within a long-term agricultural experiment (DOK trial, Switzerland). Soil carbon content was significantly higher in systems receiving farmyard manure and concomitantly microbial biomass (fungi and bacteria) was increased. Microbial activity parameters, such as microbial basal respiration and nitrogen mineralization, showed an opposite pattern, suggesting that soil carbon in the conventional system (CONFYM) was more easily accessible to microorganisms than in organic systems. Bacterivorous nematodes and earthworms were most abundant in systems that received farmyard manure, which is in line with the responses of their potential food sources (microbes and organic matter). Mineral fertilizer application detrimentally affected enchytraeids and Diptera larvae, whereas aphids benefited. Spider abundance was favoured by organic management, most likely a response to increased prey availability from the belowground subsystem or increased weed coverage. In contrast to most soil-based, bottom-up controlled interactions, the twofold higher abundance of this generalist predator group in organic systems likely contributed to the significantly lower abundance of aboveground herbivore pests (aphids) in these systems. Long-term organic farming and the application of farmyard manure promoted soil quality, microbial biomass and fostered natural enemies and ecosystem engineers, suggesting enhanced nutrient cycling and pest control. Mineral fertilizers and herbicide application, in contrast, affected the potential for top-down control of aboveground pests negatively and reduced the organic carbon levels. Our study indicates that the use of synthetic fertilizers and herbicide application changes interactions within and between below and aboveground components, ultimately promoting negative environmental impacts of agriculture by reducing internal biological cycles and pest control. On the contrary, organic farming fosters microbial and faunal decomposers and this propagates into the aboveground system via generalist predators thereby increasing conservation biological control. However, grain and straw yields were 23% higher in systems receiving mineral fertilizers and herbicides reflecting the trade-off between productivity and environmental responsibility. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.