X-Ray-luminous Supernovae: Threats to Terrestrial Biospheres
X-Ray-luminous Supernovae: Threats to Terrestrial Biospheres
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DOI：
10.3847/1538-4357/acc728
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发表时间：
2022-10
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Ian R. Brunton;Connor O'Mahoney;B. Fields;A. Melott;B. Thomas
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文献类型：
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作者：
Ian R. Brunton;Connor O'Mahoney;B. Fields;A. Melott;B. Thomas
与超新星（SNe）相关的壮观的能量爆发长期以来一直激励着人们研究它们对地球和类似环境的潜在危险影响。大部分研究主要集中在与最初爆发后几天或几个月内电离光子的迅速到达有关的大气层破坏，以及爆炸后数千年到达的高能宇宙射线。在这项研究中，我们把重点放在持续的X射线发射，产生于某些SNe与致密的星周介质的相互作用，并在最初的爆发后数月和/或数年内观察到。持续的高X射线亮度导致大剂量的电离辐射到可怕的距离。我们评估了这些X射线发光SNe对类地行星大气构成的威胁;我们的结果植根于Chandra，Swift-XRT，XMM-Newton，努斯塔等的X射线SN观测。我们发现，这种威胁对于SNe来说特别严重，显示出强烈的拱星相互作用的证据，例如IIn型爆炸，其影响范围比以前预期的要大得多，并且致命的后果可达150 pc。此外，X射线明亮的SNe可能对地球生物圈构成重大而明显的威胁，并收紧银河系的可居住区。我们敦促在爆炸后的数月和数年内对相互作用的SNe进行后续X射线观测，以揭示发射的物理性质和全时演化，并澄清这些事件对我们银河系和其他恒星形成区域的生命构成的危险。
The spectacular outbursts of energy associated with supernovae (SNe) have long motivated research into their potentially hazardous effects on Earth and analogous environments. Much of this research has focused primarily on the atmospheric damage associated with the prompt arrival of ionizing photons within days or months of the initial outburst, and the high-energy cosmic rays that arrive thousands of years after the explosion. In this study, we turn the focus to persistent X-ray emission, arising in certain SNe that have interactions with a dense circumstellar medium and observed months and/or years after the initial outburst. The sustained high X-ray luminosity leads to large doses of ionizing radiation out to formidable distances. We assess the threat posed by these X-ray-luminous SNe for Earth-like planetary atmospheres; our results are rooted in the X-ray SN observations from Chandra, Swift-XRT, XMM-Newton, NuSTAR, and others. We find that this threat is particularly acute for SNe showing evidence of strong circumstellar interaction, such as Type IIn explosions, which have significantly larger ranges of influence than previously expected and lethal consequences up to ∼50 pc away. Furthermore, X-ray-bright SNe could pose a substantial and distinct threat to terrestrial biospheres and tighten the Galactic habitable zone. We urge follow-up X-ray observations of interacting SNe for months and years after the explosion to shed light on the physical nature and full-time evolution of the emission and to clarify the danger that these events pose for life in our galaxy and other star-forming regions.