Urban nuclear reactors and the security theatre
Urban nuclear reactors and the security theatre
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城市核反应堆和安全剧院
DOI：
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Eglė Rindzevičiūtė
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Storm;F. Andersson;Eglė Rindzevičiūtė
在第二次世界大战期间和之后不久，几个国家的物理学家和工程师为发展核武器和控制产生核能的连锁反应而紧张而竞争地工作。这些活动弥漫着一种紧迫感和革命性的未来前景，在很大程度上超过了当时计算的风险。因此，小型实验反应堆被建在离市中心和人口稠密地区相对较近的研究机构或大学--关键的本地化因素是物理学家自己的地理位置。本章重点介绍了位于芝加哥、莫斯科和斯德哥尔摩的三个早期开创性的城市反应堆，它们都是人类进入核时代时国家威力的象征，后来成为遗产进程的对象。通过“安全剧场”的概念镜头，我们仔细研究了早期的操作以及原子遗产的制作。这一概念一方面强调了可计算的风险和安全之间的关系，另一方面强调了感知风险和安全之间的关系。我们认为，总体而言，如果将建立时期与传承化过程进行比较，安全领域表现出相反的特点，即可计算的风险最初很高，但被淡化，后来又很低，但被夸大了。我们认为，可计算的风险和可感知的风险之间的这种紧张关系，构成了当代原子遗产吸引力的关键。本章基于历史和当代的书面和视觉资料，以及访谈和实地访问。
During and immediately after the Second World War, physicists and engineers in several countries worked intensively and in competition to develop nuclear weapons and to control the chain reaction creating nuclear energy. An experience of urgency and a sense of revolutionary future promise permeated the activities and largely outweighed the risks as they were calculated at the time. As a result, small experimental reactors were built at research institutes or universities relatively close to city centres and densely populated areas—the key localization factor being the physicists’ own geography. This chapter focuses on three of the early pioneering urban reactors, located in Chicago, Moscow, and Stockholm, which were all symbols of national prowess as humanity was entering the nuclear age, and later became objects of heritage processes. We scrutinize the early operations as well as the making of atomic heritage, through the conceptual lens of the ‘security theatre’. The concept highlights the relationship between, on the one hand, calculable risk and security, and on the other hand, perceived risk and security. We argue that, overall, the security theatre displays reversed characteristics if comparing the establishment period with the processes of heritagization in the way that the calculable risks were initially high but downplayed, while subsequently being low but exaggerated. This tension between calculable risk and perceived risk, we suggest, forms the key to the attraction of contemporary atomic heritage. This chapter is based on historic and contemporary written and visual sources, together with interviews and on-site visits.