INFERRING THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF MARINE POPULATIONS : A CASE STUDY COMPARING ALLOZYME AND DNA SEQUENCE DATA
INFERRING THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF MARINE POPULATIONS : A CASE STUDY COMPARING ALLOZYME AND DNA SEQUENCE DATA
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推断海洋种群的遗传结构：比较同种酶和 DNA 序列数据的案例研究
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2003
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海洋生物自然种群的遗传结构通常是从基因位点等位基因的分布推断出来的。直到最近，大多数研究完全依赖于蛋白质电泳技术，特别强调多态性酶编码基因位点（等位酶位点）。在过去的几年里，越来越多地使用分子技术，包括允许构建基因谱系的方法。这些后来的方法提供了强大的洞察力的遗传变异的进化历史，并在某些条件下，提供有价值的信息，有关人口结构。本文比较了等位酶和DNA序列的研究结果为一组人口的潮间带桡足类Tt@iopus cul$ofovnicus沿着加州海岸。比较表明：（1）等位基因频率几乎可以区分所有的研究群体，而样本DNA序列的系谱却不能。(2)细胞核和线粒体DNA序列显示，中部和南部加州人口之间的等位酶频率是不明显的强大的群体分化。(3)等位酶和DNA序列在它们呈现的种群关系中并不完全一致。(4)对种群结构进行最全面的分析需要多种遗传技术。简历自然种群的遗传结构影响了基因位点的等位基因分布。最近，我们进行了10多年的蛋白质电叉技术基础研究，并对编码酶的多基因位点（位点alocimos）进行了了解。在一些人的接受中，我们增加了对分子生物学的使用，包括允许遗传学的使用。这些研究成果为人类基因多样性的历史演变提供了深刻的视角，同时也为人口结构的调整提供了重要的信息。本文比较了加州海岸线上一种海洋间的鱼类种群的ADN的摄食量和摄食量的10年结果。通过对不同产品的比较，得出以下结论：（1）在所有的学生中，ADN的学生谱系没有明显的差异。(2)通过对ADN线粒体的分析，10多个神经元显示出加州南部和中部地区不同的人口分布，这一结果并没有重复频率的alocimos。(3)民主行动党和10多个民族的斗争结果并没有完全反映在贫困问题上。(4)人民的结构已完成，人民需要温和的宽容。引言试图了解海洋无脊椎动物种群的遗传结构长期以来一直受到阻碍，我们无法直接跟踪分散的幼虫的生命阶段，经常花大量的时间在浮游生物。虽然海流模式和其他物理因素可能会限制或促进特定的扩散路线，但海洋往往似乎是无障碍的，远距离扩散显然是可能的（例如，Scheltema 1986）。尽管存在基因流动的广泛潜力，但通过使用生物化学和分子遗传技术，现已广泛记录了海洋无脊椎动物之间的种群分化（Burton 1983; Hedgecock 19%; Palumbi 1992）。特别是，在过去的二十年里，对电泳检测到的酶多态性的分析为我们理解海洋物种多样性中的基因流动和招募做出了重大贡献。利用等位基因同工酶分析种群结构，引起了几个长期公认的问题。首先，尽管蛋白质电泳可以筛选许多个体、群体和基因位点以分析群体结构，但其分辨率有限，因为它只能检测基因位点上现有变异的一个子集。因此，任何推定的等位基因可能由多个等位基因组成，这些等位基因是不可区分的，并且群体之间的差异可能经常被低估。第二，由于同种酶的遗传上的不同形式，等位酶的功能特性可能不同。因此，等位基因的频率不仅反映了基因流动和随机遗传漂变的模式，而且也可能是自然选择作用的结果。
The genetic structure of natural populations of marine organisms is frequently inferred from the distribution of alleles at gene loci. Until recently, most investigations relied entirely on protein electrophoretic techniques, with particular emphasis on polymorphic enzyme-coding gene loci (allozyme loci). Over the past few years, increasing use has been made of molecular techniques, including methods that allow the construction of gene genealogies. These later methods provide powerful insight into the evolutionary history of genetic variation and, under some conditions, provide valuable information concerning population structure. This paper compares results of both allozyme and DNA sequence studies for a set of populations of the intertidal copepod Tt@iopus cul$ofovnicus along the California coast. The comparisons show that: (1) Allozynie frequencies distinguish almost all the study populations, whereas genealogies of the sampled DNA sequences do not. (2) Both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences reveal strong population differentiation between central and southern California populations that is not apparent in the allozyme frequencies. (3) Allozymes and DNA sequences are not entirely concordant in the picture they present of population relationships. (4) The most complete analyses of population structure will require multiple genetic techniques. RESUMEN La estructura genktica de poblaciones naturales de organismos se infiere a menudo a partir de la distribuci6n de alelos en loci de genes. Hasta hace algunos aiios la mayoria de 10s estudios se basaban en tkcnicas de electroforksis de proteinas, con knfasis en loci de genes polimorfos que codifican enzinias (loci alocimos). En aiios recientes se ha incrementado el us0 de ttcnicas moleculares, incluyendo el us0 de mktodos que permiten construir genealogias genkticas. Estos mktodos ofrecen una perspectiva profunda de la historia evolutiva de la variacibn genktica; en ciertas circunstancias, estos mktodos proveen informacibn importante de la estructura de la poblaci6n. Este articulo compara 10s resultados obtenidos de alocimos y secuencias de ADN de un conjunto de poblaciones del coptpodo intermareal T&riopus culgofovnicus a lo largo de la costa de California. Las comparaciones produjeron varios resultados: (1) L a fiecuencias de alocimos distinguieron a casi todas las poblaciones estudiadas, mientras que las genealogias de las secuencias de ADN no las demarcb. (2) Tanto las secuencias del ADN de las mitocondrias como las de 10s nticleos revelaron una marcada diferenciacibn poblacional entre California Sur y Central, mas este resultado no se repiti6 con las frecuencias de alocimos. (3) Los resultados de las secuencias de ADN y 10s alocimos no concuerdan en su totalidad en el esquema de las relaciones poblacionales. (4) Los anilisis mas completos de la estructura de la poblacibn requeririn mtiltiples tkcnicas gentticas. INTRODUCTION Attempts to understand the genetic structure of marine invertebrate populations have long been hampered by our inability to directly track the dispersal of larval life stages that frequently spend substantial lengths of time in the plankton. Although current patterns and other physical factors may restrict or promote particular routes of dispersal, the oceans often appear to be barrier-free, and long-distance dispersal is clearly possible (e.g., Scheltema 1986). Despite this extensive potential for gene flow, population differentiation among marine invertebrates has now been widely documented through the use of biochemical and molecular genetic techniques (Burton 1983; Hedgecock 19%; Palumbi 1992). In particular, analyses of electrophoretically detected enzyme polymorphisnis have made major contributions to our understanding of gene flow and recruitment in a diversity of marine species over the past two decades. Several long-recognized problems arise from the use of allelic isozymes (allozymes) for the analysis of population structure. First, although protein electrophoresis allows the screening of many individuals, populations, and gene loci for analysis of population structure, its resolution is limited in that it detects only a subset of existing variants at a gene locus. Thus any putative allele may consist of multiple alleles that are indistinguishable, and differences between populations may frequently be underestimated. Second, as genetically different forms of the same enzyme, allozymes may differ in functional properties. Therefore, frequencies of alleles not only reflect patterns of gene flow and random genetic drift, but they may also result from the action of natural selection.