The Semantic Web – From Vision to Reality
The Semantic Web – From Vision to Reality
复制标题
语义网——从愿景到现实
DOI：
10.1002/9780470758656.ch5
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发表时间：
2008
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
J. Davies
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
P. Warren;J. Davies
自20世纪90年代初蒂姆·伯纳斯-李爵士提出这一概念以来，网络以其普及程度和对个人和企业的明显价值让我们所有人都感到惊讶。然而，即使在网络的第一个十年里，蒂姆爵士本人也表达了对它的不满，并指出了一个更大胆的愿景。互联网的构想是让人们可以获得计算机上保存的信息。最初，这些人是欧洲粒子物理研究所（CERN）的研究人员。今天，互联网的用户从寻找科学知识的科学家到寻找食谱或寻找失散朋友的普通公民。人们在解释信息的能力上是高度灵活的。举个例子，假设你正在寻找一辆新车，并在网上比较价格。当你从一个网页浏览到另一个网页时，信息将以完全不同的方式呈现，各种汽车的价格将位于各个页面的不同位置。而且，真实的价格将与最初出现时的价格不同。你必须考虑你想要什么额外的功能。一些制造商将包括空调作为一个基本功能;其他人将收取额外的费用。可能会有折扣需要考虑。对人类来说，这不是问题至少不是一个无法克服的问题。然而，如果你想自动化这个过程，例如通过使用软件代理来为你做这项工作，那么就有真实的困难。这个问题源于最初选择超文本标记语言（HTML）作为Web语言。HTML允许使用标签来描述网页的格式，例如指示项目符号列表或指示一行是标题或副标题。然而，HTML中的标记并没有说明网页本身或页面内容的语义。对于前者，
Since its conception in the early 1990s, by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, the Web has astonished us all, with its popularity and obvious value, both to the individual and the enterprise. Yet, even during the Web’s first decade, Sir Tim himself was expressing dissatisfaction with it, and pointing the way towards a bolder vision. The Web was conceived to make information held on computers available to people. Originally the people were researchers at CERN, the European particle physics establishment. Today, the users of the Web range from scientists looking for scientific knowledge to ordinary citizens looking for recipes or catching up with lost friends. People are highly flexible in their ability to interpret information. To take an example, imagine you are looking for a new car and are comparing prices on the Web. As you surf from web page to web page, the information will be presented in quite different ways, and the prices of the various cars will be located in different places on the various pages. Moreover, the real price will be different from the price as it first appears. You will have to take account of what extra features you want. Some manufacturers will include air conditioning as a basic feature; others will charge an additional payment. There may be discounts to take into account. For humans, this is no problem–or at least not an insuperable one. However, if you want to automate this process, eg by using a software agent to do the job for you, then there are real difficulties. The problem stems from the initial choice of hypertext mark-up language (HTML) as the language of the Web. HTML permits the use of tags to describe the format of a web page, eg to indicate a bulleted list or to indicate that a line is a title or subtitle. However, the tags in HTML say nothing about the semantics, either of a web page itself or of the contents of the page. For the former,